A model of rhetorical markers competence in writing academic research articles: a qualitative meta-synthesis

Khany, Reza1, Aliakbari, Mohammad2, Mohammadi, Saeedeh1
1English Department of Ilam University, Ilam, Iran
2Ilam University, Ilam, Iran

Tóm tắt

The knowledge of diverse rhetorical relations is a remarkable component of competence in research article (RA) writing for learners’ successful handling of scholarly writing tasks in English for academic purposes (EAP) programs. This study aimed to present a model of Rhetorical Markers (RMs) competence in writing EAP RAs. In so doing, a ‘qualitative meta-synthesis’ approach was adopted as the research method. A meta-synthesis exercise was framed and the currently available literature on various models of RMs was investigated. 385 relevant abstracts and 321 full papers were screened and a number of 23 studies were appraised for final inclusion. Afterwards, a reciprocal translation was conducted to extract the latent themes and concepts in the general model. More specifically, a thematic coding strategy was applied for synthesizing the selected studies. Then, different obtained themes and categories were synthesized to build the major components of the model of RMs competence. Finally, three super themes of RMs were emerged including: pragmatic markers, meta-discourse markers, and metaphorical markers. The new model, as a conceptual frame of reference, can provide awareness to the EAP researchers regarding the underpinning components of the knowledge of RMs in writing up academic research papers.

Tài liệu tham khảo

citation_title=Native and non-native writer's use of textual metadiscourse in ELT papers; citation_inbook_title=Unpublished master thesis; citation_publication_date=2001; citation_id=CR1; citation_author=E Abdollahzadeh; citation_publisher=University of Tehran Abdollahzadeh, E. (2003). Interpersonal metadiscourse in ELT papers by Iranian and Angelo-American academic writers. Paper Presented at International Conference on Multiculturalism in ELT Practice at Basket University. citation_title=Metadiscourse in L1 and L2 English; citation_publication_date=2006; citation_id=CR3; citation_author=A Adel; citation_publisher=John Benjamins citation_journal_title=International Journal of Linguistics; citation_title=The use of indirectness devices in Persian and English argumentative written discourse: A cross-cultural perspective; citation_author=E Alijanian, H Vahid Dastjerdi; citation_volume=4; citation_issue=3; citation_publication_date=2012; citation_pages=60-70; citation_doi=10.5296/ijl.v4i3.1733; citation_id=CR4 citation_title=Pragmatic markers and sociolinguistic variation; citation_publication_date=2001; citation_id=CR5; citation_author=G Anderson; citation_publisher=John Benjamins Publication Corporation citation_journal_title=Teaching English Language and Literature Society of Iran (TELLSI); citation_title=A cross-cultural study of hedging devices in discussion section of applied linguistics research articles; citation_author=MR Atai, L Sadr; citation_volume=2; citation_issue=7; citation_publication_date=2008; citation_pages=1-2; citation_id=CR6 Atkins, S., Lewin, S., Smith, H., Engel, M., Fretheim, A., & Volmink, J. (2008). Conducting a meta-ethnography of qualitative literature: Lessons learnt. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 8(21). Barnett-Page, E., & Thomas, J. (2009). Methods for the synthesis of qualitative research: A critical review. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 9 (59). Available at: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2288/9/59 . citation_journal_title=Online Review; citation_title=The design of browsing and berrypicking techniques for on-line search interface; citation_author=M Bates; citation_volume=13; citation_issue=5; citation_publication_date=1989; citation_pages=25; citation_doi=10.1108/eb024320; citation_id=CR9 citation_journal_title=English language teaching; citation_title=A comparative study of intensity markers in Engineering and Applied Linguistics; citation_author=B Behnam, F Mirzaour; citation_volume=5; citation_issue=7; citation_publication_date=2012; citation_pages=158-163; citation_doi=10.5539/elt.v5n7p158; citation_id=CR10 citation_title=An investigation into the patterns of use of discourse features of intensity markers in academic research articles of hard science, social science and TEFL; citation_inbook_title=Unpublished master‘s thesis; citation_publication_date=2003; citation_id=CR11; citation_author=A Beighmohammadi; citation_publisher=University of Tehran citation_title=The scientific text genres as social actions: Text theoretical reflections on the relations between context and text in scientific writing; citation_inbook_title=Academic discourse. Multidisciplinary approaches; citation_publication_date=2003; citation_pages=141-157; citation_id=CR12; citation_author=KL Berge; citation_publisher=Novus citation_journal_title=Journal of Pragmatics; citation_title=Implementing incipient actions: The discourse marker ‘so’ in English conversation; citation_author=GB Bolden; citation_volume=41; citation_publication_date=2009; citation_pages=974-998; citation_doi=10.1016/j.pragma.2008.10.004; citation_id=CR13 citation_title=Politeness; citation_publication_date=1987; citation_id=CR14; citation_author=P Brown; citation_author=S Levinson; citation_publisher=Cambridge University Press Burke, M. (2011). Literary reading, cognition and emotion. An exploration of the Oceanic mind. London and NewYork; Rutledge publishing. Taylor and Francis. citation_journal_title=Journal of English for Academic Purposes.; citation_title=Reconciling top-down and bottom-up approaches to graduate writing: Using a corpus to teach rhetorical functions; citation_author=M Charles; citation_volume=6; citation_issue=4; citation_publication_date=2007; citation_pages=289-302; citation_doi=10.1016/j.jeap.2007.09.009; citation_id=CR16 citation_journal_title=Journal of Technical Writing and Communication; citation_title=The rise of technical writing instruction in America; citation_author=U Connors; citation_volume=12; citation_issue=4; citation_publication_date=1982; citation_pages=329-352; citation_id=CR17 citation_title=Research center for professional communication in English; citation_inbook_title=The Hong Kong Polytechnic University; citation_publication_date=2014; citation_id=CR18 citation_title=Research center for professional communication in English; citation_inbook_title=The Hong Kong Polytechnic University; citation_publication_date=2007; citation_id=CR19 citation_journal_title=Written Communication; citation_title=Metadiscourse in persuasive writing: A study of texts written by American and Finish University students; citation_author=A Crismore, R Markkanen, MS Steffensen; citation_volume=10; citation_issue=1; citation_publication_date=1993; citation_pages=39-71; citation_doi=10.1177/0741088393010001002; citation_id=CR20 citation_journal_title=English for Specific Purposes; citation_title=Writing with attitude: Stance expression in learner and professional dentistry research reports; citation_author=P Crosthwaite, L Cheun, F Jiang; citation_volume=46; citation_publication_date=2017; citation_pages=107-123; citation_doi=10.1016/j.esp.2017.02.001; citation_id=CR21 citation_journal_title=Journal of Pragmatics; citation_title=Textual metadiscourse in research articles: A marker of national culture or of academic discipline; citation_author=T Dahl; citation_volume=36; citation_issue=10; citation_publication_date=2004; citation_pages=1807-1825; citation_doi=10.1016/j.pragma.2004.05.004; citation_id=CR22 citation_journal_title=Technology Enhanced Learning; citation_title=Basics of research paper writing and publishing’, Int. J; citation_author=M Derntl; citation_volume=6; citation_issue=2; citation_publication_date=2014; citation_pages=105-123; citation_doi=10.1504/IJTEL.2014.066856; citation_id=CR23 citation_journal_title=Journal of Pragmatics; citation_title=Pragmatic markers revisited with a focus on you know in adult and adolescent talk; citation_author=B Erman; citation_volume=33; citation_issue=99; citation_publication_date=2001; citation_pages=1337-1359; citation_doi=10.1016/S0378-2166(00)00066-7; citation_id=CR24 citation_journal_title=Journal of Pragmatics; citation_title=Pragmatic markers in Chinese; citation_author=G Feng; citation_volume=40; citation_publication_date=2008; citation_pages=1687-1718; citation_doi=10.1016/j.pragma.2008.05.012; citation_id=CR25 citation_journal_title=TESOL Quarterly; citation_title=Discourse community, legitimate peripheral participation, and the nonnative-English-speaking scholar; citation_author=J Flowerdew; citation_volume=34; citation_issue=1; citation_publication_date=2000; citation_pages=17-150; citation_doi=10.2307/3588099; citation_id=CR26 citation_journal_title=TESOL Quarterly; citation_title=Attitudes of journal editors to nonnative speaker contributions; citation_author=J Flowerdew; citation_volume=35; citation_issue=1; citation_publication_date=2001; citation_pages=121-150; citation_doi=10.2307/3587862; citation_id=CR27 citation_journal_title=System; citation_title=Corpus linguistic techniques applied to text linguistics; citation_author=L Flowerdew; citation_volume=26; citation_publication_date=1998; citation_pages=541-552; citation_doi=10.1016/S0346-251X(98)00039-6; citation_id=CR28 citation_journal_title=Journal of Pragmatics; citation_title=An approach to discourse markers; citation_author=B Fraser; citation_volume=14; citation_publication_date=1990; citation_pages=383-395; citation_doi=10.1016/0378-2166(90)90096-V; citation_id=CR29 citation_journal_title=Journal of Pragmatics; citation_title=Pragmatic markers; citation_author=B Fraser; citation_volume=6; citation_issue=2; citation_publication_date=1996; citation_pages=167-190; citation_doi=10.1075/prag.6.2.03fra; citation_id=CR30 citation_journal_title=Estudios Ingleses de la Universidad Complutense; citation_title=Commentary pragmatic markers in English; citation_author=B Fraser; citation_volume=5; citation_publication_date=1997; citation_pages=115-127; citation_id=CR31 citation_journal_title=Journal of Pragmatics; citation_title=What are discourse markers?; citation_author=B Fraser; citation_volume=31; citation_publication_date=1999; citation_pages=931-952; citation_doi=10.1016/S0378-2166(98)00101-5; citation_id=CR32 Fraser, B. (2005). Towards a theory of discourse markers. Retrieved from: http://people.bu.edu/bfraser/ citation_journal_title=Journal of Pragmatics; citation_title=Topic orientation markers; citation_author=B Fraser; citation_volume=41; citation_publication_date=2009; citation_pages=892-898; citation_doi=10.1016/j.pragma.2008.08.006; citation_id=CR34 citation_journal_title=Applied Linguistics; citation_title=Discourse markers and spoken English: Native and learner use in pedagogical settings; citation_author=L Fung, R Carter; citation_volume=28; citation_issue=3; citation_publication_date=2007; citation_pages=410-439; citation_doi=10.1093/applin/amm030; citation_id=CR35 citation_title=The language of metaphors; citation_publication_date=1997; citation_id=CR36; citation_author=A Goatly; citation_publisher=Routledge citation_journal_title=Discourse Studies; citation_title=Pragmatic markers and discourse coherence relations in English and Catalan oral narrative; citation_author=M Gonzalez; citation_volume=7; citation_issue=1; citation_publication_date=2005; citation_pages=53-86; citation_doi=10.1177/1461445605048767; citation_id=CR37 citation_title=An introduction to functional grammar; citation_publication_date=1994; citation_id=CR38; citation_author=MAK Halliday; citation_publisher=Arnold citation_journal_title=Journal of Pragmatics; citation_title=Nowhere has anyone attempted … in this article I aim to do just that’. A corpus-based study of self-promotional I and we in academic writing across four disciplines; citation_author=N Harwood; citation_volume=37; citation_publication_date=2005; citation_pages=1207-1231; citation_doi=10.1016/j.pragma.2005.01.012; citation_id=CR39 citation_journal_title=Journal of Pragmatics; citation_title=Indirectness in L1 and L2 academic writing; citation_author=E Hinkel; citation_volume=27; citation_issue=3; citation_publication_date=1997; citation_pages=360-386; citation_doi=10.1016/S0378-2166(96)00040-9; citation_id=CR40 citation_journal_title=Journal of Pragmatics; citation_title=Adverbial markers and tone in L1 and L2 student’s writing; citation_author=E Hinkel; citation_volume=35; citation_publication_date=2003; citation_pages=1049-1068; citation_doi=10.1016/S0378-2166(02)00133-9; citation_id=CR41 Hood, S. (2004). Managing attitude in undergraduate academic writing: A focus on the introductions to research reports. In L. J. Ravelli & R. A. Ellis (eds.), Analysing academic writing: Contextualized frameworks. Continuum 24–44. citation_journal_title=Journal of English for Academic Purposes; citation_title=The persuasive power of prosodies: Radiating values in academic writing; citation_author=S Hood; citation_volume=5; citation_publication_date=2006; citation_pages=37-49; citation_doi=10.1016/j.jeap.2005.11.001; citation_id=CR43 Hyland, K. (1994). Hedging in academic writing and EAP textbooks. English for Specific Purposes, 13(3). Hyland, K. (1995). The author in the text: Hedging in scientific writing. Hong Kong Papers in Linguistics and Language Teaching, 18, 33–42. Hyland, K. (1998b). Boosting, hedging and the negotiation of academic knowledge. Text, 18(3), 349–382. citation_journal_title=English for Specific Purposes; citation_title=Humble servants of the discipline? Self-mention in research articles; citation_author=K Hyland; citation_volume=20; citation_publication_date=2001; citation_pages=207-226; citation_doi=10.1016/S0889-4906(00)00012-0; citation_id=CR47 citation_journal_title=Journal of Pragmatics; citation_title=Authority and invisibility: Authorial identity in academic writing; citation_author=K Hyland; citation_volume=34; citation_publication_date=2002; citation_pages=1091-1112; citation_doi=10.1016/S0378-2166(02)00035-8; citation_id=CR48 citation_journal_title=ELT Journal; citation_title=Options of identity in academic writing; citation_author=K Hyland; citation_volume=56; citation_publication_date=2002; citation_pages=351-358; citation_doi=10.1093/elt/56.4.351; citation_id=CR49 citation_journal_title=Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology; citation_title=Self-citation and self-reference: Credibility and promotion in academic publication; citation_author=K Hyland; citation_volume=54; citation_issue=3; citation_publication_date=2003; citation_pages=251-259; citation_doi=10.1002/asi.10204; citation_id=CR50 citation_title=Metadiscourse in academic writing: A reappraisal; citation_publication_date=2004; citation_id=CR51; citation_author=K Hyland; citation_publisher=University of London Hyland, K. (2005). Metadiscourse: Exploring interaction in writing. London Continuum. citation_journal_title=Applied Linguistics; citation_title=Applying a gloss and reformulating in academic discourse; citation_author=K Hyland; citation_volume=28; citation_issue=2; citation_publication_date=2007; citation_pages=260-285; citation_doi=10.1093/applin/amm011; citation_id=CR53 citation_journal_title=Functions of Language; citation_title=Evaluative that constructions: Signaling stance in research abstracts; citation_author=K Hyland, P Tse; citation_volume=12; citation_issue=1; citation_publication_date=2005; citation_pages=39-63; citation_doi=10.1075/fol.12.1.03hyl; citation_id=CR54 citation_title=A corpus-based analysis of genre-specific discourse of research: The research article and the PhD thesis in ELT (Unpublished doctoral dissertation); citation_publication_date=2008; citation_id=CR55; citation_author=EE Isik Tas; citation_publisher=Middle East Technical University citation_title=Writing and identity: The discoursal construction of identity in academic writing; citation_publication_date=1998; citation_id=CR56; citation_author=R Ivanic; citation_publisher=Benjamins citation_journal_title=JAL; citation_title=All the way through the hedges: A corpus analysis of hedges in research articles; citation_author=A Jalilifar; citation_volume=23; citation_publication_date=2007; citation_pages=39-63; citation_id=CR57 citation_journal_title=TELL; citation_title=Hedging as a pragmatic strategy: Variations across disciplines and cultures; citation_author=A Jalilifar; citation_volume=1; citation_issue=3; citation_publication_date=2007; citation_pages=43-69; citation_id=CR58 citation_journal_title=English Language Teaching; citation_title=Discourse markers in composition writings: The case of Iranian learners of English as a foreign language; citation_author=A Jalilifar; citation_volume=1; citation_publication_date=2008; citation_pages=114-122; citation_doi=10.5539/elt.v1n2p114; citation_id=CR59 citation_journal_title=Journal of Language, Culture, and Translation (LCT); citation_title=A comparative study of textual metadiscourse markers in introduction and method sections of applied linguistics research articles; citation_author=A Jalilifar, F Kabezadeh; citation_volume=1; citation_issue=1; citation_publication_date=2012; citation_pages=17-31; citation_id=CR60 citation_journal_title=IJALS; citation_title=Metaphor markers in sub-disciplines of applied linguistics research articles: The case of local and international journals; citation_author=R Khany, M Rostami; citation_volume=1; citation_issue=3; citation_publication_date=2011; citation_pages=34-49; citation_id=CR61 citation_journal_title=Journal of Applied Language Studies (JALS); citation_title=A comparative study of introduction and discussion sections of sub-disciplines of applied linguistics research articles; citation_author=R Khany, K Tazik; citation_volume=1; citation_issue=2; citation_publication_date=2010; citation_pages=97-122; citation_id=CR62 citation_journal_title=Journal of Pragmatics; citation_title=The classification of coherence relations and their linguistic markers: An exploration of two languages; citation_author=A Knott, T Sanders; citation_volume=30; citation_issue=2; citation_publication_date=1998; citation_pages=135-175; citation_doi=10.1016/S0378-2166(98)00023-X; citation_id=CR63 citation_journal_title=English for Special Purposes; citation_title=The use of personal pronouns: Role relationships in scientific journal articles; citation_author=CH Kuo; citation_volume=18; citation_issue=2; citation_publication_date=1999; citation_pages=121-138; citation_doi=10.1016/S0889-4906(97)00058-6; citation_id=CR64 citation_journal_title=Journal of Politeness Research; citation_title=Politeness: Is there an east-west divide; citation_author=G Leech; citation_volume=3; citation_issue=2; citation_publication_date=2006; citation_pages=167-206; citation_doi=10.1515/PR.2007.009; citation_id=CR65 citation_journal_title=English for Specific Purposes; citation_title=Genre analysis: Structural and linguistic evolution of the English-medium medical RA (1985–2004); citation_author=L Li, G Ge; citation_volume=28; citation_publication_date=2009; citation_pages=93-104; citation_doi=10.1016/j.esp.2008.12.004; citation_id=CR66 citation_journal_title=Hong Kong Journal of Applied Linguistics; citation_title=Academic writing in intercultural contexts: Integrating conventions and personal voice; citation_author=W Littlewood; citation_volume=1; citation_publication_date=1996; citation_pages=1-18; citation_id=CR67 citation_journal_title=Second language writing; citation_title=Chinese academics writing for publication: English teachers as text mediators; citation_author=N Luo, K Hyland; citation_volume=33; citation_publication_date=2016; citation_pages=43-55; citation_doi=10.1016/j.jslw.2016.06.005; citation_id=CR68 citation_title=Semantics; citation_publication_date=1977; citation_id=CR69; citation_author=J Lyons; citation_publisher=Cambridge University Press citation_journal_title=Text; citation_title=Rhetorical structure theory: Toward a functional theory of text organization; citation_author=WC Mann, SA Thompson; citation_volume=8; citation_issue=3; citation_publication_date=1988; citation_pages=243-281; citation_doi=10.1515/text.1.1988.8.3.243; citation_id=CR70 citation_title=Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook; citation_publication_date=1994; citation_id=CR71; citation_author=MB Miles; citation_author=AM Huberman; citation_publisher=Sage citation_journal_title=The Journal of Teaching Language Skills; citation_title=Metadiscourse markers in the discussion/conclusion section of Persian and English master's theses; citation_author=A Mirshamsi, H Allami; citation_volume=5; citation_issue=3; citation_publication_date=2013; citation_pages=23-40; citation_id=CR72 citation_journal_title=Journal of English for Academic Purposes; citation_title=Personal and impersonal authorial references: A contrastive study of English and Italian linguistics research articles; citation_author=A Molino; citation_volume=9; citation_publication_date=2010; citation_pages=86-101; citation_doi=10.1016/j.jeap.2010.02.007; citation_id=CR73 citation_journal_title=Public Opinion Quarterly; citation_title=Matters of opinion: Talking about public issues; citation_author=G Myers; citation_volume=70; citation_issue=3; citation_publication_date=2004; citation_pages=409-412; citation_id=CR74 citation_title=Meta-ethnography: synthesizing qualitative studies; citation_publication_date=1988; citation_id=CR75; citation_author=GW Noblit; citation_author=RD Hare; citation_publisher=Sage citation_title=Mood and modality; citation_publication_date=1986; citation_id=CR76; citation_author=FR Palmer; citation_publisher=Cambridge University Press citation_title=Modal expressions in English; citation_publication_date=1983; citation_id=CR77; citation_author=M Perkins; citation_publisher=Frances Pinter citation_journal_title=Discourse Studies; citation_title=Research article abstracts in applied linguistics and educational technology: A study of linguistic realizations of rhetorical structure and authorial stance; citation_author=P Pho; citation_volume=10; citation_publication_date=2008; citation_pages=231-250; citation_doi=10.1177/1461445607087010; citation_id=CR78 citation_title=Easily identifiable discourse relations; citation_publication_date=2008; citation_id=CR79; citation_author=E Pitler; citation_author=M Raghupathy; citation_author=H Mehta; citation_author=A Nenkova; citation_author=A Lee; citation_author=A Joshi; citation_publisher=Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING 2008) citation_title=A comprehensive grammar of the English language; citation_publication_date=1985; citation_id=CR80; citation_author=R Quirk; citation_author=S Greenbaum; citation_author=G Leech; citation_author=J Svartvik; citation_publisher=Longman Rahimpour, S. (2006). Contrastive rhetoric of English and Persian texts; Metadiscourse in Applied Linguistics research articles. Unpublished Master thesis, University of Mashhad. citation_journal_title=RELC Journal; citation_title=Lexical bundles in Chinese undergraduate academic writing at an English Medium University; citation_author=Z Ruan; citation_volume=48; citation_issue=3; citation_publication_date=2017; citation_pages=327-340; citation_doi=10.1177/0033688216631218; citation_id=CR82 citation_journal_title=Discourse Processes; citation_title=Toward a taxonomy of coherence relations; citation_author=T Sanders, W Spooren, L Noordman; citation_volume=15; citation_publication_date=1992; citation_pages=1-35; citation_doi=10.1080/01638539209544800; citation_id=CR83 citation_title=Discourse markers; citation_publication_date=1987; citation_id=CR84; citation_author=D Schiffrin; citation_publisher=Cambridge University Press citation_title=Intercultural communication; citation_publication_date=1995; citation_id=CR85; citation_author=R Scollon; citation_author=SW Scollon; citation_publisher=Blackwell citation_journal_title=English for Specific Purposes; citation_title=From one I to another: Discursive construction of self-representation in English and Castilian Spanish research articles; citation_author=E Sheldon; citation_volume=28; citation_publication_date=2009; citation_pages=251-265; citation_doi=10.1016/j.esp.2009.05.001; citation_id=CR86 Shiri Maslaki, T. (2007). A comparative study of discoural features in natural sciences and applied linguistics. Unpublished master’s thesis, University of Tabriz, Tabriz. citation_journal_title=Metaphor and Symbol; citation_title=Readership and purpose in the choice of economics metaphors; citation_author=H Skorczynska, A Deignan; citation_volume=21; citation_issue=2; citation_publication_date=2006; citation_pages=87-104; citation_doi=10.1207/s15327868ms2102_2; citation_id=CR88 Stern, P., & Harris, C. (1985). Women's health and the self-care paradox: A model to guide self-care readiness — Clash between the client and nurse. Health Care for Women International, 6(12). citation_journal_title=Journal of English for Academic Purposes; citation_title=Evaluation in research article abstracts in the narrative and hard sciences; citation_author=H Stotesbury; citation_volume=2; citation_publication_date=2003; citation_pages=327-341; citation_doi=10.1016/S1475-1585(03)00049-3; citation_id=CR90 citation_title=Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques; citation_publication_date=1990; citation_id=CR91; citation_author=A Strauss; citation_author=J Corbin; citation_publisher=Sage citation_title=The basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory; citation_publication_date=1998; citation_id=CR92; citation_author=A Strauss; citation_author=J Corbin; citation_publisher=Sage Publications citation_journal_title=ACTA LINGUISTICA; citation_title=A contrastive study of met discourse in English and Arabic linguistics research articles; citation_author=A Sultan; citation_volume=5; citation_issue=11; citation_publication_date=2011; citation_pages=28-41; citation_id=CR93 citation_title=Research genres; citation_publication_date=2004; citation_id=CR94; citation_author=J Swales; citation_publisher=Cambridge University Press citation_journal_title=English for Specific Purposes; citation_title=A corpus based description of metaphorical marking patterns in scientific and popular business discourse; citation_author=HS Sznajder; citation_volume=22; citation_publication_date=2005; citation_pages=172-182; citation_id=CR95 citation_journal_title=IJAL; citation_title=Genre analysis of thesis and dissertation abstracts: Variation across cultures; citation_author=MH Tahririan, AR Jalilifar; citation_volume=7; citation_issue=2; citation_publication_date=2004; citation_pages=121-143; citation_id=CR96 citation_journal_title=TESOL Journal; citation_title=A comparative study of the discourse marker types in the body section of the research papers of DLSU students; citation_author=J Tan-De Ramos; citation_volume=2; citation_publication_date=2010; citation_pages=62-73; citation_id=CR97 citation_journal_title=English for Specific Purposes; citation_title=The “I” in identity: Exploring identity in student academic writing through the first person pronoun; citation_author=R Tang, S John; citation_volume=18; citation_issue=Supplement 1; citation_publication_date=1999; citation_pages=S23-S39; citation_doi=10.1016/S0889-4906(99)00009-5; citation_id=CR98 citation_journal_title=College Composition and Communication; citation_title=Some exploratory discourse on Metadiscourse; citation_author=W Vande Kopple; citation_volume=36; citation_publication_date=1985; citation_pages=82-93; citation_doi=10.2307/357609; citation_id=CR99 citation_title=Who is the author? A comparative analysis of authorial presence in English, German, French, Russian and Bulgarian academic discourse; citation_publication_date=2000; citation_id=CR100; citation_author=I Vassileva; citation_publisher=Asgard Verlag citation_journal_title=English for Specific Purposes; citation_title=Commitment and detachment in English and Bulgarian academic writing; citation_author=I Vassileva; citation_volume=20; citation_publication_date=2001; citation_pages=83-102; citation_doi=10.1016/S0889-4906(99)00029-0; citation_id=CR101 citation_journal_title=International Journal of Applied Linguistics; citation_title=Epistemic modality markers in research articles: A crosslinguistic and cross-disciplinary study; citation_author=TE Vold; citation_volume=16; citation_issue=1; citation_publication_date=2006; citation_pages=61-87; citation_doi=10.1111/j.1473-4192.2006.00106.x; citation_id=CR102 citation_journal_title=Methodological Issues in Nursing Research; citation_title=Meta-synthesis method for qualitative research: A literature review; citation_author=D Walsh, S Downe; citation_volume=50; citation_issue=2; citation_publication_date=2005; citation_pages=8; citation_id=CR103 citation_journal_title=Midwifery; citation_title=Appraising the quality of qualitative research; citation_author=D Walsh, S Downe; citation_volume=22; citation_issue=2; citation_publication_date=2006; citation_pages=108-119; citation_doi=10.1016/j.midw.2005.05.004; citation_id=CR104 citation_journal_title=Journal of Second Language Writing; citation_title=Using mind maps to reveal and develop genre knowledge in a graduate writing course; citation_author=R Wette; citation_volume=38; citation_publication_date=2017; citation_pages=58-71; citation_doi=10.1016/j.jslw.2017.09.005; citation_id=CR105 citation_title=The use of rhetorical questions in written argumentative discourse; citation_inbook_title=Pragmatics and language learning; citation_publication_date=1990; citation_pages=187-208; citation_id=CR106; citation_author=H Wong; citation_publisher=University of Illinois