A general and simple method for obtaining <i>R</i><sup>2</sup> from generalized linear mixed‐effects models

Methods in Ecology and Evolution - Tập 4 Số 2 - Trang 133-142 - 2013
Shinichi Nakagawa1,2, Holger Schielzeth3
1Department of Behavioral Ecology and Evolutionary Genetics Max Planck Institute for Ornithology Eberhard‐Gwinner‐Straße, 82319 Seewiesen Germany
2National Centre for Growth and Development, Department of Zoology, University of Otago, 340 Great King Street, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
3Department of Evolutionary Biology Bielefeld University Morgenbreede 45, 33615, Bielefeld Germany

Tóm tắt

Summary

The use of both linear and generalized linear mixed‐effects models (LMMs and GLMMs) has become popular not only in social and medical sciences, but also in biological sciences, especially in the field of ecology and evolution. Information criteria, such as Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), are usually presented as model comparison tools for mixed‐effects models.

The presentation of ‘variance explained’ (R2) as a relevant summarizing statistic of mixed‐effects models, however, is rare, even though R2 is routinely reported for linear models (LMs) and also generalized linear models (GLMs). R2 has the extremely useful property of providing an absolute value for the goodness‐of‐fit of a model, which cannot be given by the information criteria. As a summary statistic that describes the amount of variance explained, R2 can also be a quantity of biological interest.

One reason for the under‐appreciation of R2 for mixed‐effects models lies in the fact that R2 can be defined in a number of ways. Furthermore, most definitions of R2 for mixed‐effects have theoretical problems (e.g. decreased or negative R2 values in larger models) and/or their use is hindered by practical difficulties (e.g. implementation).

Here, we make a case for the importance of reporting R2 for mixed‐effects models. We first provide the common definitions of R2 for LMs and GLMs and discuss the key problems associated with calculating R2 for mixed‐effects models. We then recommend a general and simple method for calculating two types of R2 (marginal and conditional R2) for both LMMs and GLMMs, which are less susceptible to common problems.

This method is illustrated by examples and can be widely employed by researchers in any fields of research, regardless of software packages used for fitting mixed‐effects models. The proposed method has the potential to facilitate the presentation of R2 for a wide range of circumstances.

Từ khóa


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Methods in Ecology and Evolution

Tập 4 Số 2

133-142

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