A cross-cultural re-evaluation of the Exercise Addiction Inventory (EAI) in five countries
Tóm tắt
Research into the detrimental effects of excessive exercise has been conceptualized in a number of similar ways, including ‘exercise addiction’, ‘exercise dependence’, ‘obligatory exercising’, ‘exercise abuse’, and ‘compulsive exercise’. Among the most currently used (and psychometrically valid and reliable) instruments is the Exercise Addiction Inventory (EAI). The present study aimed to further explore the psychometric properties of the EAI by combining the datasets of a number of surveys carried out in five different countries (Denmark, Hungary, Spain, UK, and US) that have used the EAI with a total sample size of 6,031 participants. A series of multigroup confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) were carried out examining configural invariance, metric invariance, and scalar invariance. The CFAs using the combined dataset supported the configural invariance and metric invariance but not scalar invariance. Therefore, EAI factor scores from five countries are not comparable because the use or interpretation of the scale was different in the five nations. However, the covariates of exercise addiction can be studied from a cross-cultural perspective because of the metric invariance of the scale. Gender differences among exercisers in the interpretation of the scale also emerged. The implications of the results are discussed, and it is concluded that the study’s findings will facilitate a more robust and reliable use of the EAI in future research.
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Berczik K, Szabo A, Griffiths MD, Kurimay T, Kun B, Urbán R, et al. Exercise addiction: symptoms, diagnosis, epidemiology, and etiology. Subst Use Misuse. 2012; 47:403–17.
Cockerill IM, Riddington ME. Exercise dependence and associated disorders: a review. Couns Psychol Q. 1996; 9:119–29.
Hausenblas HA, Symons DD. Exercise dependence: a systematic review. Psychol Sport Exerc. 2002; 3:89–123.
Pasman L, Thompson JK. Body image and eating disturbance in obligatory runners, obligatory weightlifters, and sedentary individuals. Int J Eat Disord. 1988; 7:759–69.
Davis C. Exercise abuse. Int J Sport Psychol. 2000; 31:278–89.
Dalle Grave R, Calugi S, Marchesini G. Compulsive exercise to control shape or weight in eating disorders: prevalence, associated features, and treatment outcome. Comp Psychiatry. 2008; 49:346–52.
Allegre B, Souville M, Therme P, Griffiths M. Definitions and measures of exercise dependence. Addict Res Theory. 2006; 14:631–46.
Kurimay T, Griffiths MD, Berczik K, Demetrovics Z. Exercise addiction: the dark side of sports and exercise. In: Baron D, Reardon C, Baron SH, editors. Contemporary issues in sports psychiatry: a global perspective. Chichester: Wiley; 2013: p. 33–43.
Ackard DM, Brehm BJ, Steffen JJ. Exercise and eating disorders in college-aged women: profiling excessive exercisers. Eat Disord. 2002; 10:31–47.
Downs DS, Hausenblas HA, Nigg CR. Factorial validity and psychometric examination of the exercise dependence scale-revised. Meas Phys Educ Exerc Sci. 2004; 8:183–201.
Hausenblas HA, Downs DS. How much is too much? The development and validation of the exercise dependence scale. Psychol Health. 2002; 17:387–404.
Ogden J, Veale D, Summers Z. The development and validation of the exercise dependence questionnaire. Addict Res Theory. 1997; 5:343–55.
Terry A, Szabo A, Griffiths M. The exercise addiction inventory: a new brief screening tool. Addict Res Theory. 2004; 12:489–99.
Brown I. A theoretical model of the behavioral addictions: applied to offending. In: Hodge JE, McMurran M, Hollin RC, editors. Addicted to Crime. Chichester: Wiley; 1997: p. 13–65.
Browns RIF. Some contributions of the study of gambling to the study of other addictions. In: Eadington WR, Cornelius JA, editors. Gambling Behavior and Problem Gambling. Reno, NV: University of Nevada; 1993: p. 241–72.
Griffiths MD, Szabo A, Terry A. The exercise addiction inventory: a quick and easy screening tool for health practitioners. Br J Sports Med. 2005; 39:e30.
Mónok K, Berczik K, Urbán R, Szabo A, Griffiths MD, Farkas J, Magi A, Eisinger A, Kurimay T, Kökönyei G, Kun B, Paksi B, Demetrovics Z. Psychometric properties and concurrent validity of two exercise addiction measures: a population wide study. Psychol Sport Exerc. 2012; 13:739–46.
Szabo A, Griffiths MD. Exercise addiction in British sport science students. Int J Ment Health Addict. 2007; 5:25–8.
Warner R, Griffiths MD. A qualitative thematic analysis of exercise addiction: an exploratory study. Int J Ment Health Addict. 2006; 4:13–26.
Lichtenstein MB, Christiansen E, Bilenberg N, Støving RK. Validation of the exercise addiction inventory in a Danish sport context. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2014; 24:447–53.
Lichtenstein MB, Larsen KS, Christiansen E, Støving RK, Bredahl TVG. Exercise addiction in team sport and individual sport: prevalences and validation of the exercise addiction inventory. Addict Res Theory. 2014; 5:431–7.
Szabo A, Vega R, Ruiz-Barquín R, Rivera O. Exercise addiction in Spanish athletes: investigation of the roles of gender, social context and level of involvement. J Behav Addict. 2013; 2:249–52.
Allegre B, Therme P, Griffiths M. Individual factors and the context of physical activity in exercise dependence: a prospective study of ‘ultra-marathoners’. Int J Ment Health Addict. 2007; 5:233–43.
Youngman J. Risk for exercise addiction: a comparison of triathletes training for sprint-, olympic-, half-ironman-, and ironman-distance triathlons. Open Access Diss.. 2007. Available from: http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_dissertations/12 Accessed 7 Jul 2014.
Gregorich SE. Do self-report instruments allow meaningful comparisons across diverse population groups? Testing measurement invariance using the confirmatory factor analysis framework. Med Care. 2006; 44:S78–94.
Milfont TL, Fischer R. Testing measurement invariance across groups: applications in cross-cultural research. Int J Psychol Res. 2010; 3:111–30.
Cheung GW, Rensvold RB. Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Struct Equ Model Multidiscipl J. 2002; 9:233–55.
Chen FF. Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance. Struct Equ Model Multidiscipl J. 2007; 14:464–504.
He J, van de Vijver F. Bias and equivalence in cross-cultural research. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture; 2012. Available from: http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/orpc/vol2/iss2/8 Accessed 7 Jul 2014.
Villella C, Martinotti G, Di Nicola M, Cassano M, La Torre G, Gliubizzi MD, Messeri I, Petruccelli F, Bria P, Janiri L, Conte G. Behavioral addictions in adolescents and young adults: results from a prevalence study. J Gambl Stud. 2011; 27:203–14.
Lejoyeux M, Guillot C, Chalvin F, Petit A, Lequen V. Exercise dependence among customers from a Parisian sport shop. J Behav Addict. 2012; 1:28–34.
Menczel Z, Kovacs E, Farkas J, Magi A, Eisinger A, Kun B, et al. Prevalence of exercise dependence and eating disorders among clients of fitness centres in Budapest. J Behav Addict. 2013; 2(Suppl. 1):23–4.