A chronology of human understanding of the nitrogen cycle <sup />

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences - Tập 368 Số 1621 - Trang 20130120 - 2013
James N. Galloway1, Allison M. Leach1, A. Bleeker2, J. W. Erisman3,4
1Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904-4123, USA
2Energy research Centre of the Netherlands, 1755 ZG, Petten, The Netherlands
3Louis Bolk Institute, 3972 LA Driebergen, The Netherlands
4VU University, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Tóm tắt

Nitrogen over the ages! It was discovered in the eighteenth century. The following century, its importance in agriculture was documented and the basic components of its cycle were elucidated. In the twentieth century, a process to provide an inexhaustible supply of reactive N (N r ; all N species except N 2 ) for agricultural, industrial and military uses was invented. This discovery and the extensive burning of fossil fuels meant that by the beginning of the twenty-first century, anthropogenic sources of newly created N r were two to three times that of natural terrestrial sources. This caused a fundamental change in the nitrogen cycle; for the first time, there was the potential for enough food to sustain growing populations and changing dietary patterns. However, most N r created by humans is lost to the environment, resulting in a cascade of negative earth systems impacts—including enhanced acid rain, smog, eutrophication, greenhouse effect and stratospheric ozone depletion, with associated impacts on human and ecosystem health. The impacts continue and will be magnified, as N r is lost to the environment at an even greater rate. Thus, the challenge for the current century is how to optimize the uses of N while minimizing the negative impacts.

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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

Tập 368 Số 1621

20130120

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