A Study of the Urban Boundary Layer Using Different Urban Parameterizations and High-Resolution Urban Canopy Parameters with WRF

Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology - Tập 50 Số 5 - Trang 1107-1128 - 2011
Francisco Salamanca1, Alberto Martilli1, Mukul Tewari2, Fei Chen2
1 Research Center for Energy, Environment and Technology, CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain
2National Center for Atmospheric Research Boulder, Colorado

Tóm tắt

AbstractIn the last two decades, mesoscale models (MMs) with urban canopy parameterizations have been widely used to study urban boundary layer processes. Different studies show that such parameterizations are sensitive to the urban canopy parameters (UCPs) that define the urban morphology. At the same time, high-resolution UCP databases are becoming available for several cities. Studies are then needed to determine, for a specific application of an MM, the optimum degree of complexity of the urban canopy parameterizations and the resolution and details necessary in the UCP datasets. In this work, and in an attempt to answer the previous issues, four urban canopy schemes, with different degrees of complexity, have been used with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to simulate the planetary boundary layer over the city of Houston, Texas, for two days in August 2000. For the UCP two approaches have been considered: one based on three urban classes derived from the National Land Cover Data of the U.S. Geological Survey and one based on the highly detailed National Urban Database and Access Portal Tool (NUDAPT) dataset with a spatial resolution of 1 km2. Two-meter air temperature and surface wind speed have been used in the evaluation. The statistical analysis shows a tendency to overestimate the air temperatures by the simple bulk scheme and underestimate the air temperatures by the more detailed urban canopy parameterizations. Similarly, the bulk and single-layer schemes tend to overestimate the wind speed while the multilayer schemes underestimate it. The three-dimensional analysis of the meteorological fields revealed a possible impact (to be verified against measurements) of both the urban schemes and the UCP on cloud prediction. Moreover, the impact of air conditioning systems on the air temperature and their energy consumption has been evaluated with the most developed urban scheme for the two simulated days. During the night, this anthropogenic heat was responsible for an increase in the air temperature of up to 2°C in the densest urban areas, and the estimated energy consumption was of the same magnitude as energy consumption obtained with different methods when the most detailed UCP database was used. On the basis of the results for the present case study, one can conclude that if the purpose of the simulation requires only an estimate of the 2-m temperature a simple bulk scheme is sufficient but if the purpose of the simulation is an evaluation of an urban heat island mitigation strategy or the evaluation of the energy consumption due to air conditioning at city scale, it is necessary to use a complex urban canopy scheme and a detailed UCP.

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Bougeault, 1989, Parameterization of orography-induced turbulence in a mesobeta-scale model, Mon. Wea. Rev., 117, 1872, 10.1175/1520-0493(1989)117<1872:POOITI>2.0.CO;2

Burian, 2003, Morphological analyses using 3D building databases: Houston, Texas

Burian, 2003, Development of gridded fields of urban canopy parameters for models–3/CMAQ/MM5

Chen, 2001, Coupling an advanced land surface–hydrology model with the Penn State–NCAR MM5 modeling system. Part I: Model implementation and sensitivity, Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 569, 10.1175/1520-0493(2001)129<0569:CAALSH>2.0.CO;2

Chen, 2011, The integrated WRF/urban modelling system: Development, evaluation, and applications to urban environmental problems, Int. J. Climatol., 31, 273, 10.1002/joc.2158

Ching, 2009, National Urban Database and Access Portal Tool, Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 90, 1157, 10.1175/2009BAMS2675.1

DOE, 2005, EnergyPlus Engineering Reference: The Reference to EnergyPlus Calculations

Dudhia, 1989, Numerical study of convection observed during the Winter Monsoon Experiment using a mesoscale two-dimensional model, J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 3077, 10.1175/1520-0469(1989)046<3077:NSOCOD>2.0.CO;2

Ek, 2003, Implementation of Noah land surface model advances in the National Centers for Environmental Prediction operational mesoscale Eta model, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8851, 10.1029/2002JD003296

Grimmond, 2010, The International Urban Energy Balance Models Comparison Project: First results from phase 1, J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 49, 1268, 10.1175/2010JAMC2354.1

Heiple, 2008, Using building energy simulation and geospatial modeling techniques to determine high resolution building sector energy consumption profiles, Energy Build., 40, 1426, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2008.01.005

Hong, 2004, A revised approach to ice microphysical processes for the bulk parameterization of clouds and precipitation, Mon. Wea. Rev., 132, 103, 10.1175/1520-0493(2004)132<0103:ARATIM>2.0.CO;2

Janjic, 1994, The step-mountain eta coordinate model: Further developments of the convection, viscous sublayer, and turbulence closure schemes, Mon. Wea. Rev., 122, 927, 10.1175/1520-0493(1994)122<0927:TSMECM>2.0.CO;2

Kanda, 2005, A simple energy balance model for regular building arrays, Bound.-Layer Meteor., 116, 423, 10.1007/s10546-004-7956-x

Kikegawa, 2003, Development of a numerical simulation system toward comprehensive assessments of urban warming countermeasures including their impacts upon the urban buildings’ energy demands, Appl. Energy, 76, 449, 10.1016/S0306-2619(03)00009-6

Kondo, 2005, Development of a multilayer urban canopy model for the analysis of energy consumption in a big city: Structure of the urban canopy model and its basic performance, Bound.-Layer Meteor., 116, 395, 10.1007/s10546-005-0905-5

Kusaka, 2004, Coupling a single-layer urban canopy model with a simple atmospheric model: Impact on urban heat island simulation for an idealized case, J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 82, 67, 10.2151/jmsj.82.67

Kusaka, 2001, A simple single-layer urban canopy model for atmospheric models: Comparison with multi-layer and slab models, Bound.-Layer Meteor., 101, 329, 10.1023/A:1019207923078

Lin, 2008, Urban heat island effect and its impact on boundary layer development and land–sea circulation over northern Taiwan, Atmos. Environ., 42, 5635, 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.03.015

Liu, 2006, Verification of a mesoscale data-assimilation and forecasting system for the Oklahoma City area during the Joint Urban 2003 Field Project, J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 45, 912, 10.1175/JAM2383.1

Lo, 2007, Urban modification in a mesoscale model and the effects on the local circulation in the Pearl River Delta region, J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 46, 457, 10.1175/JAM2477.1

Martilli, 2002, An urban surface exchange parameterisation for mesoscale models, Bound.-Layer Meteor., 104, 261, 10.1023/A:1016099921195

Martilli, 2003, On the impact of urban surface exchange parameterisations on air quality simulations: The Athens case, Atmos. Environ., 37, 4217, 10.1016/S1352-2310(03)00564-8

Masson, 2000, A physically-based scheme for the urban energy budget in atmospheric models, Bound.-Layer Meteor., 94, 357, 10.1023/A:1002463829265

Miao, 2009, An observational and modeling study of characteristics of urban heat island and boundary layer structures in Beijing, J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 48, 484, 10.1175/2008JAMC1909.1

Mlawer, 1997, Radiative transfer for inhomogeneous atmospheres: RRTM, a validated correlated-k model for the longwave, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 16 663, 10.1029/97JD00237

Ohashi, 2007, Influence of air-conditioning waste heat on air temperature in Tokyo during summer: Numerical experiments using an urban canopy model coupled with a building energy model, J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 46, 66, 10.1175/JAM2441.1

Salamanca, 2010, A new building energy model coupled with an urban canopy parameterization for urban climate simulations—Part II. Validation with one dimension off-line simulations, Theor. Appl. Climatol., 99, 345, 10.1007/s00704-009-0143-8

Salamanca, 2010, A new building energy model coupled with an urban canopy parameterization for urban climate simulations—Part I. Formulation, verification and a sensitive analysis of the model, Theor. Appl. Climatol., 99, 331, 10.1007/s00704-009-0142-9

Sertel, 2010, Impacts of land cover data quality on regional climate simulations, Int. J. Climatol., 30, 1942, 10.1002/joc.2036

Skamarock, 2008, A description of the Advanced Research WRF version 3

Thông tin
Thông tin xuất bản

Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology

Tập 50 Số 5

1107-1128

Thông tin tác giả