Nhìn Vào Gương: Làm Thế Nào Lĩnh Vực Phân Tích Hành Vi Có Thể Trở Nên Chống Phân Biệt Chủng Tộc

Behavior Analysis in Practice - Tập 15 - Trang 1112-1125 - 2021
Sonia Levy1, Amy Siebold2, Janani Vaidya3, Marie-Michèle Truchon2, Jamine Dettmering2, Cameron Mittelman2
1Impact Village, Ajax, Canada
2Department of Applied Behavior Analysis, The Chicago School of Professional Psychology, Chicago, USA
3Louisiana Contextual Science Research Group, Lafayette, USA

Tóm tắt

Được thúc đẩy bởi các sự kiện gần đây, các cuộc thảo luận về phân biệt chủng tộc hệ thống và bất bình đẳng chủng tộc đã được đẩy lên hàng đầu trong xã hội toàn cầu của chúng ta, dẫn đến những gì được gọi là phong trào quyền dân sự lớn nhất trong thời đại hiện đại (Buchanan et al., 2020). Trong quá khứ, các nhà hoạt động và học giả người da đen, người bản địa và những người có màu da khác (BIPOC) đã đánh giá và chỉ trích các hệ thống và tổ chức trong xã hội của chúng ta. Tuy nhiên, chỉ đến gần đây, phong trào này mới thực sự được nhiều người chú ý, một số trong số họ hiện đang xem xét cách mà BIPOC được nhìn nhận và đối xử trong tổ chức của họ và trong xã hội nói chung (Worland, 2020). Điều này không chỉ do sự gia tăng bằng chứng video (ví dụ: hình ảnh từ camera của cảnh sát, bài đăng trên mạng xã hội), mà còn do ngôn luận và chương trình chính trị của chính quyền trước đó (Hubler & Bosman, 2021). Các sở cảnh sát, các tổ chức giáo dục và các công ty lớn đã, suốt nhiều thập kỷ qua, chịu sự giám sát về các hệ thống và thực tiễn của họ mà khuyến khích phân biệt chủng tộc, bất bình đẳng và không công bằng. Lĩnh vực phân tích hành vi, với nguồn gốc từ châu Âu và sự thiếu đa dạng, công bằng, và bao hàm quan sát thấy, cũng không nằm ngoài các đánh giá như vậy. Đã đến lúc chúng ta nhìn lại chính mình và đánh giá các thực tiễn chuyên môn, nghiên cứu, giáo dục và lâm sàng của chính mình, và làm việc hướng tới việc tạo ra một lĩnh vực phân tích hành vi mới, bao gồm hơn, thúc đẩy chống phân biệt chủng tộc và tôn trọng văn hóa.

Từ khóa

#phân biệt chủng tộc; sự bất bình đẳng chủng tộc; phân tích hành vi; BIPOC; công bằng và tính đa dạng

Tài liệu tham khảo

Abrams, A. (2020, June 25). Black, disabled and at risk: The overlooked problem of police violence against Americans with disabilities. Time Magazine. https://time.com/5857438/police-violence-black-disabled/ Alberta Civil Liberties Research Centre. (n.d.). What is racism? http://www.aclrc.com/racism-and-power American Psychological Association. (n.d.). APA dictionary of psychology. https://dictionary.apa.org/code-switching Association for Behavior Analysis International (ABAI). (2020). Home of the science and the practice of behavior analysis. https://www.abainternational.org/welcome.aspx Association of Professional Behavior Analysts. (2020). Live webinars. https://www.apbahome.net/page/live-webinars Beautiful Humans Change. (2020). Welcome to beautiful humans change. https://www.beautifulhumanschange.com Behavior Analyst Certification Board. (2014). Professional and ethical compliance code for behavior analysts. https://www.bacb.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/BACB-Compliance-Code-english_190318.pdf Behavior Analyst Certification Board. (2020a). Ethics code for behavior analysts. https://www.bacb.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Ethics-Code-for-Behavior-Analysts-2102010.pdf Behavior Analyst Certification Board. (2020b, June 4). The tragic events over the past week and ongoing social injustices in the US are a stark reminder of the [Status update]. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/BehaviorAnalystCertificationBoard/posts/3130978453635489 Behavior Analyst Certification Board. (n.d.). BACB certificant data. https://www.bacb.com/BACB-certificant-data, https://www.bacb.com/BACB-certificant-data. Biglan, A. (1995). Changing cultural practices: A contextualist framework for intervention research. Context Press. Biglan, A. (2015). The nurture effect: How the science of human behavior can improve our lives and our world. New Harbinger. Black Applied Behavior Analysts, Inc. (n.d.). About us. https://www.babainfo.org Black Emotional & Mental Health Collective. (n.d.). Mobile crisis unit services in the United States. https://www.beam.community/mobilecrisis Blakemore, E. (2019, February 22). Race and ethnicity: How are they different? National Geographic. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/topics/reference/race-ethnicity/#close Brodhead, M. T., Duràn, L., & Bloom, S. E. (2014). Cultural and linguistic diversity in recent verbal behavior research on individuals with disabilities: A review and implications for research and practice. Analysis of Verbal Behavior, 30(1), 75–86. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40616-014-0009-8. Buchanan, L., Bui, Q., & Patel, J. K. (2020, June 3). Black lives matter may be the largest movements in U.S. history. New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/ 2020/07/03/us/george-floyd-protests-crowd-size.html C. S. Mott Children’s Hospital. (2020). Top health concerns for kids in 2020 during the pandemic. http://mottpoll.org/reports/top-health-concerns-kids-2020-during-pandemic Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC). (2020, July 24). Health equity considerations and racial and ethnic minority groups. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/health-equity/race-ethnicity.html?CDC_AA_refVal=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fcoronavirus%2F2019-ncov%2Fneed-extra-precautions%2Fracial-ethnic-minorities.html Central Vancouver Island Multicultural Society. (n.d.). Cultural competence self-assessment checklist. http://www.coloradoedinitiative.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/cultural-competence-self-assessment-checklist.pdf Chen, A. (2017). Addressing diversity on college campuses: Changing expectations and practices in instructional leadership. Higher Education Studies, 7(2), 17–22. https://doi.org/10.5539/hes.v7n2p17. Cochran, G. (2018, June 22). Guest post: The problem with diversity, inclusion, and equity. The Scholarly Kitchen. https://scholarlykitchen.sspnet.org/2018/06/22/problem-diversity-inclusion-equity/ Conners, B. M. (2020a). Where is the diversity in applied behavior analysis? https://www.brianconnersbcba.com/blog/where-is-the-diversity-in-applied-behavior-analysis Conners, B. M. (2020b). Multiculturalism and diversity issues in applied behavior analysis [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Seton Hall University. Covenant 15:16. (2019, June 12). The current status of African Americans within the field of applied behavior analysis. https://www.covenant1516.org/blogs/2019/6/6/the-current-status-of-african-americans-within-the-field-of-applied-behavior-analysis Data USA. (n.d.). Applied behavior analysis. https://datausa.io/profile/cip/applied-behavior-analysis Dennison, A., Lund, E. M., Brodhead, M. T., Mejia, L., Armenta, A., & Leal, J. (2019). Delivering home-supported applied behavior analysis therapies to culturally and linguistically diverse families. Behavior Analysis in Practice, 12(4), 887–898. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40617-019-00374-1. Disabled World. (2013, September 1). Police violence and people with disabilities. https://www.disabled-world.com/editorials/cops.php Edbuild. (n.d.). Nonwhite school districts get $23 billion less than white districts despite serving the same number of students. https://edbuild.org/content/23-billion#IL Equal Justice Initiative. (n.d.). Our work. https://eji.org Estrada, M., Burnett, M., Campbell, A. G., Campbell, P. B., Denetclaw, W. F., Gutiérrez, C. G., Hurtado, S., John, G. H., Matsui, J., McGee, R., Moses Okpodu, C., Robinson, T. J., Summers, M. F., Werner-Washburne, M., & Zavala, M. (2016). Improving underrepresented minority student persistence in STEM. CBE: Life Sciences Education, 15(5), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1187/cbe.16-01-0038. Fisher-Borne, M., Cain, J. M., & Martin, S. L. (2015). From mastery to accountability: Cultural humility as an alternative to cultural competence. Social Work Education, 34(2), 165–181. https://doi.org/10.1080/02615479.2014.977244. Flores, G., Mendoza, F. S., DeBaun, M. R., Fuentes-Afflick, E., Jones, V. F., Mendoze, J. A., Raphael, J. L., & Wang, C. J. (2019). Keys to academic success for under-represented minority young investigators: Recommendations from the Research in Academic Pediatrics Initiative on Diversity (RAPID) national advisory committee. International Journal for Equity in Health, 18(93), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-019-0995-1. Fong, E. H., Ficklin, S., & Lee, H. Y. (2017). Increasing cultural understanding and diversity in applied behavior analysis. Behavior Analysis: Research & Practice, 17(2), 103–113. https://doi.org/10.1037/bar0000076. FutureReady. (n.d.). Students of Color Caught in the Homework Gap https://futureready.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/HomeworkGap_FINAL7.20.2020.pdf Glenn, S. S. (2004). Individual behavior, culture, and social change. The Behavior Analyst, 27(2), 133–151. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03393175. Goode, T. D. (1989). Self-assessment checklist for personnel providing services and supports to children and youth with special health needs and their families. Georgetown University Center for Child and Human Development. https://nccc.georgetown.edu/documents/ ChecklistEIEC.pdf Goode, T. (2009). Promoting cultural diversity and cultural competency self-assessment checklist for personnel providing behavioral health services and supports to children, youth and their families children with disabilities & special health needs and their families. https://nccc.georgetown.edu/documents/ChecklistBehavioralHealth.pdf Gourdine, R. M., & Algood, C. L. (2014). Autism in the African American population. In V. Patel, V. Preedy, & C. Martin (Eds.), Comprehensive guide to autism (pp. 2455–2467). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4788-7_155. Griffin, K. A., & Muñiz, M. M. (2011). The strategies and struggles of graduate diversity officers in the recruitment of doctoral students of color. Equity & Excellence in Education, 44(1), 57–76. https://doi.org/10.1080/10665684.2011.540961. Henry, F. (2004, December). Concepts of race and racism and implications for OHRC policy. Ontario Human Rights Commission. http://www.ohrc.on.ca/en/race-policy-dialogue-papers/concepts-race-and-racism-and-implications-ohrc-policy Hubler, S., & Bosman, J. (2021, March 11). A crisis that began with an image of police violence keeps providing more. New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/05/us/police-violence-george-floyd.html Jackson, G. G. (1976). Is behavior therapy a threat to black clients? Journal of the National Medical Association, 68(5), 362–367. Jones, S. H., St. Peter, C. C., & Ruckle, M. M. (2020). Reporting of demographic variables in the Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 53, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1002/jaba.722. Kang, H. K., & Garran, A. M. (2018). Microaggressions in social work classrooms: Strategies for pedagogical intervention. Journal of Ethnic & Cultural Diversity in Social Work, 27(1), 4–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/15313204.2017.1413608. Kendi, I. X. (2016). Stamped from the beginning: The definitive history of racist ideas in America. Nation Books. Kineavy, F. (2018, October 7). Police violence against people with disabilities continues. Diversity Inc. https://www.diversityinc.com/police-brutality-people-with-disabilities/ Kunze, M., Drew, C., Machalicek, W., Safer-Lichtenstein, J., & Crowe, B. (2019). Language preference of a multilingual individual with disabilities using a speech generating device. Behavior Analysis in Practice, 12(4), 777–781. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40617-019-00379-w. Leland, W., & Stockwell, A. (2019). A self-assessment tool for cultivating affirming practices with transgender and gender-nonconforming (TGNC) clients, supervisees, students, and colleagues. Behavior Analysis in Practice, 12, 816–825. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40617-019-00375-0. Leonard, J., Horvat, E. M., & Riley-Tillman, C. T. (2002, April 1–5). Achieving diversity in academia: A dream deferred? [Paper presentation]. Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New Orleans, LA. Levy, S. (2019, May 23–27). Social validity in the applied clinical setting: Making change that matters. In S. Levy (Chair), A deeper examination of social validity and its role in clinical practice [Symposium]. Association for Behavior Analysis International 45th Annual Convention, Chicago, IL. Levy, S., Vaidya, J., Dettmering, J., Siebold, A. N., Mittelman, C., & Garner, J. (2019). Addressing social and global issues: Viewing the Syrian refugee crisis through a behavior-analytic lens. Behavior & Social Issues, 28, 77–98. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42822-019-00018-7. Li, A., Wallace, L., Ehrhardt, K. E., & Poling, A. (2017). Reporting participant characteristics in intervention articles published in five behavior-analytic journals, 2013–2015. Behavior Analysis: Research & Practice, 17(1), 84–91. https://doi.org/10.1037/bar0000071. Li, A., Curiel, H., Pritchard, J., & Poling, A. (2018). Participation of women in behavior analysis research: Some recent and relevant data. Behavior Analysis in Practice, 11(2), 160–164. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40617-018-0211-6. Liu, J. (2020, June 15). Companies are speaking out against racism, but here’s what it really looks like to lead an anti-racist organization. Consumer News & Business Channel. https://www.cnbc.com/2020/06/15/what-it-means-to-be-an-anti-racist-company.html Lui, P. P., & Quezada, L. (2019). Microaggressions: What they are, and how they are associated with adjustment outcomes. American Psychological Association. https://www.apa.org /pubs/highlights/spotlight/issue-133 Martin, T. (2018, January 12). Racism 101: Tone policing. Medium. https://medium.com/@tessintrovert/racism-101-tone-policing-92481c044b6a Matsuda, K., Garcia, Y., Catagnus, R., & Brandt, J. A. (2020). Can behavior analysis help us understand and reduce racism? A review of the current literature. Behavior Analysis in Practice, 13, 336–347. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40617-020-00411-4. McSweeney, F. K., Donahoe, P., & Swindell, S. (2000). Women in applied behavior analysis. The Behavior Analyst, 23(2), 267–277. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03392015. Meadows, T. (n.d.). A look at diversity & behavior analysis. I Love ABA! https://www.iloveaba. com/2020/06/a-look-at-diversity-behavior-analysis.html Mental Health America. (n.d.). Alternatives to calling the police in a crisis. https://screening.mhanational.org/content/alternatives-calling-police-crisis Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Race. Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/race. Metivier, K. (2020, July 2). Envisioning higher education as antiracist. Inside Higher ED. https://www.insidehighered.com/views/2020/07/02/actions-higher-ed-institutions-should-take-help-eradicate-racism-opinion Miller, J., & Garran, A. M. (2017). Racism in the United states: Implications for the helping professions (2nd ed.). Springer. Mittelman, C. (2019). Social validity: What it is and why we need it. In S. Levy (Chair), A deeper examination of social validity and its role in clinical practice [Symposium]. Association for Behavior Analysis International 45th Annual Convention, Chicago, IL. National Association of Social Workers. (2017). Read the code of ethics. https://www.socialworkers.org/About/Ethics/Code-of-Ethics/Code-of-Ethics-English National Association of Social Workers. (2020). Where we stand on racism. https://www.socialworkers.org Oluo, I. (2018). So you want to talk asbout race. Seal Press. Perception Institute. (2014). The science of equality, volume 1: Addressing implicit bias, racial anxiety, and stereotype threat in education and health care. http://perception.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Science-of-Equality.pdf Prasad, S. J., Nair, P., Gadhvi, K., Barai, I., Saleem Danish, H., & Philip, A. B. (2016). Cultural humility: Treating the patient, not the illness. Medical Education Online, 21(30908), 1–2. https://doi.org/10.3402/meo.v21.30908. Rosenberg, N. E., & Schwartz, I. S. (2019). Guidance or compliance: What makes an ethical behavior analyst? Behavior Analysis in Practice, 12, 473–482. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40617018-00287-5. Sablich, L. (2016, June 6). 7 findings that illustrate racial disparities in education. Brookings. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/brown-center-chalkboard/2016/06/06/7-findings-that-illustrate-racial-disparities-in-education/ Samuel, D. (2020, June 15). Calling the cops on someone with mental illness can go terribly wrong. Here’s a better idea. Vox. https://www.vox.com/futureperfect/2019/7/1/20677523/mental-health-police-cahoots-oregon-oakland-sweden Sellers, T. P., Carr, J. E., & Nosik, M. R. (2020). On the BACB’s ethics requirements: A response to Rosenberg and Schwartz (2019). Behavior Analysis in Practice, 13, 714–717. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40617-020-00463-6. Severini, K. E., Ledford, J. R., & Robertson, R. E. (2018). Systematic review of problem behavior interventions: Outcomes, demographics, settings. Journal of Autism & Developmental Disorders, 48(10), 3261–3272. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-018-3591-0. Skinner, B. F. (1953). Science and human behavior. Free Press. Skinner, B. F. (1987). Why we are not acting to save the world. In B. F. Skinner (Ed.), Upon further reflection (pp. 1–14). Prentice Hall. Sriman, P., & Klapatch Totsch, J. (2019, May 23–27). Social validity in the applied setting: Where culture and diversity matter. In S. Levy (Chair), A deeper examination of social validity and its role in clinical practice [Symposium]. Association for Behavior Analysis International 45th Annual Convention, Chicago, IL. Szabo, T. (2020). Equity and diversity in behavior analysis: Lessons from Skinner (1945). Behavior Analysis in Practice, 13, 375–386. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40617-020-00414-1. Tervalon, M., & Murray-García, J. (1998). Cultural humility versus cultural competence: A critical distinction in defining physician training outcomes in multicultural education. Journal of Health Care for the Poor & Underserved, 9(2), 117–125. https://doi.org/10.1353/hpu.2020.0233. Tesfaye, A. (n.d.). BIPOC students and bias in higher education: The necessity of unlearning biases to optimize outcomes for BIPOC students. Payback. https://www.packback.co/stories/bipoc-students-and-bias-in-higher-education-the-necessity-of-unlearning-biases-to-unify-teaching-practices-and-optimize-outcomes-for-bipoc-students/ U.S. Department of Education. (2016). Advancing diversity and inclusion in higher education. https://www2.ed.gov/rschstat/research/pubs/advancing-diversity-inclusion.pdf Valentine, P. (2015). Achieving diversity in student enrollment and faculty recruitment. Journal of Best Practices in Health Professions Diversity, 8(2), ii–iii. Valenzuela, J., Crosby, L. E., & Harrison, R. R. (2020). Commentary: Reflections on the COVID-19 pandemic and health disparities in pediatric psychology. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 45(8), 839–841. Vandermeer, N. (2020, November 10). OPP find success with mental health response team in eastern Ontario. CTV News. https://ottawa.ctvnews.ca/opp-find-success-with-mental-health-response-team-in-eastern-ontario-1.5182738 Vela, M. B., Kim, K. E., Tang, H., & Chin, M. H. (2010). Improving underrepresented minority medical student recruitment with health disparities curriculum. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 25(2), 82–85. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-010-1270-8. Vendor Resource Management University. (2016). Diversity and inclusion self-assessment: Office of minority and women inclusion (OMWI) proposed standards summary and self-assessment guide. https://vrmuniversity.com/wpcontent/uploads/2016/11/DISelfAssess mentGuide.pdf Vincent, J. (2020, June 2). Blackout Tuesday posts are drowning out vital information shared under the BLM hashtag. The Verge. https://www.theverge.com/2020/6/2/21277852/ blackout-tuesday-posts-hiding-information-blm-black-lives-matter-hashtag Wilhite, C. (2015, November 3). Behavior analysis and the diversity issue. Behavioral Science in the 21st Century. https://bsci21.org/behavior-analysis-and-the-diversity-issue/ Williams, D. R. (2018). Stress and the mental health of populations of color: Advancing our understanding of race-related stressors. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 59(4), 466–485. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022146518814251. Williams, D., & Sgueglia, K. (2020, November 11). New York City will send mental health teams instead of police to respond to some 911 calls. CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2020/ 11/11/us/new-york-city-mental-health-911-trnd/index.html Worland, J. (2020, June 11). America’s long overdue awakening to systemic racism. Time Magazine. https://time.com/5851855/systemic-racism-america/ Wright, P. I. (2019). Cultural humility in the practice of applied behavior analysis. Behavior Analysis in Practice, 12, 805–809. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40617-019-00343-8.