A Clinical Model for the Treatment of Personality Disordered Sexual Offenders: An Example of Theory Knitting

Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment - 2003
Jos Buschman1, Daan van Beek2
1Dr. S. van Mesdagkliniek, Groningen, The Netherlands
2Dr Henri van der Hoevenkliniek, Utrecht, The Netherlands

Tóm tắt

In this paper we present a clinical model for the treatment of personality disordered sexual offenders. The model is based on the theoretical assumption that cognitive distortions emerge from more general explanatory theories. It seems that the pathways of offending processes that are characterized by positive or negative affects can be found in all treated sex offenders regardless of their motivation. We assume that these pathways are activated by cognitive distortions that illustrate the underlying general explanatory theory held by the offender and that these distortions are typical for overall daily interpersonal behavior of the offender. This means that, as predicted by our clinical model in the case of offenders with a personality disorder, the type of explanatory cognition that is underlying their sexual offenses is the same as the one that is underlying their general explanatory theories. We will describe the clinical model and the treatment program used at Forensic Psychiatric Hospital Center Veldzicht with a review of our experiences.

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Abel, G. G., Becker, J. V., & Cunningham-Rathner, J. (1984). Complications, consent and cognitions in sex between children and adults. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 7, 89-103.

Barbaree, H. E. (1991). Denial and minimization among sex offenders: Assessment and treatment outcome. Forum on Corrections Research, 3(4), 30-33.

Bartels, A. A. J., & Landman, F. E. M. H. (1993). Gedragstherapie voor adolescenten: de ontwikkelingfactor in de functie-analyse en de therapie. Tijdschrift voor Psychotherapie, 19(3), 142-150.

Bartels, A. A. J., Parker-Brady, M. F., & Doreleijers, Th. A. H. (1999). Sociale-vaardigheidstraining als basis voor een forensisch jeugdpsychiatrisch dagklinisch programma. Het sociale-competentie programma van het Dagcentrum Forensische Jeugdpsychiatrie Amsterdam 'De Derde Oever.' In A. Collot d'Escury-Koenings, A van der Linden, & T. Snaterse (Eds.), Van Preventie tot Straf. Naar meer Sociale Vaardigheden bij Jongeren (pp. 155-174). Lisse: Swets & Zeitlinger.

Beck, A. T. (1967). Depression: Clinical, experimental, and theoretical aspects. New York: Hoeber.

Beck, A. T. (1976). Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders. New York: International Universities Press.

Beck, A. T. (1996). Beyond belief: A theory of modes, personality and psychopathology. In P. M. Salkovskis (Ed.), Frontiers of cognitive therapy (pp. 1-25). New York: Guilford.

Beck, A. T., & Emery, G. (1985). Anxiety disorders and phobias: A cognitive perspective. New York: Basic Books.

Beck, A. T., & Freeman, A. (1990). Cognitive therapy of personality disorders. New York: Basic Books.

Beck, A. T., Rush, A. J., Shaw, B. F., & Emery, G. (1979). Cognitive therapy of depression. New York: Guilford.

Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss: Vol. 1. Attachment. (2nd ed.). London: Hogarth Press.

Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss: Vol. 2. Separation, anxiety and anger. London: Hogarth Press.

Bowlby, J. (1980). Attachment and loss: Vol. 3. Loss, sadness and depression. London: Hogarth Press.

Briere, J., Malamuth, N., & Check, J. V. P. (1985). Sexuality and rape-supportive beliefs. International Journal of Women's Studies, 8, 398-403.

Bumby, K. M. (1996). Assessing the cognitive distortions of child molesters and rapists: Development and validation of the MOLEST and RAPE scales. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 8, 37-54.

Buschman, F. J. G. (1998). A group orientated relapse prevention program for individual treatment of sex offenders. The Netherlands: FPC Veldzicht.

Dweck, C. S., Chiu, C., & Hong, Y. (1995). Implicit theories and their role in judgements and reactions: A world from two perspectives. Psychological Inquiry, 6, 267-285.

Hudson, S. M., & Ward, T. (1996). Relapse prevention: Future directions. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 8, 249-256.

Hudson, S. M., & Ward, T. (2000). Relapse prevention: Assessment and treatment implications. In D. R. Laws, S. M. Hudson, & T. Ward (Eds.), Remaking relapse prevention with sex offenders (pp. 102-122). Thousand Oaks, Sage.

Hudson, S. M., Ward, T., & France, K. G. (1992). The abstinence violation effect in fixated and regressed child molesters. Annals of Sex Research, 5, 199-213.

Jackson, C., & Thomas-Peter, B. A. (1994). Denial in sex offenders: Workers' perceptions. Criminal Behavior and Mental Health, 4(1), 21-32.

Kalmar, D. A., & Sternberg, R. J. (1988). Theory knitting: An integrative approach to theory development. Philosophical Psychology, 1, 153-170.

Kennedy, H. G., & Grubin, D. H. (1992). Patterns of denial in sex offenders. Psychological Medicine, 22, 191-196.

Laws, D. R. (1989). Relapse prevention with sex offenders. New York: Guilford.

Laws, D. R. (1999). Relapse prevention: The state of art. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 14, 285-302.

Marshall, W. L. (1989). Invited essay: Intimacy, loneliness and sexual offenders. Behavior Research and Therapy, 27, 491-503.

Marshall, W. L. (1993). The role of attachment, intimacy and loneliness in the etiology and maintenance of sexual offending. Sexual and Marital Therapy, 8, 109-121.

Marshall, W. L., & Barbaree, H. E. (1990). An integrated theory of the etiology of sexual offending. In W. L. Marshall, D. R. Laws, & H. E. Barbaree (Eds.), Handbook of sexual assault: Issues, theories and treatment of the offender (pp. 257-271). New York: Plenum.

McGinn, L., & Young, J. E. (1996). In P. M. Salkovskis (Ed.), Frontiers of cognitive therapy (pp. 182-207). New York: Guilford.

Millon, T. (1981). Disorders of personality. New York: Wiley.

Miner, M. H. (2000). Competency-based assessment. In D. R. Laws, S. M. Hudson, & T. Ward (Eds.), Remaking relapse prevention with sex offenders. A sourcebook (pp. 213-224). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Murphy, W. D. (1990). Assessment and modification of cognitive distortions in sex offenders. In W. L. Marshall, D. R. Laws, & H. E. Barbaree (Eds.), Handbook of sexual assault: Issues, theories and treatment of the offender (pp. 331-342). New York: Plenum.

Panksepp, J. (1984). The psychobiology of prosocial behavior: Separation distress play and altruism. In C. Zahn-Waxler, E. M. Cummins, & R. Lanotti (Eds.). Social and biological origins of altruism and aggression (pp. 16-57). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Panksepp, J., Siviy, S. M., & Normansell, I. A. (1985). Brain opiods and social emotions. In M. Reite & T. Field (Eds.). The psychobiology of attachment and separation (pp. 3-49). London: Academic Press.

Pithers, W. D. (1990). Relapse prevention with sexual aggressors: A method for enhancing therapeutic gain and enhancing external supervision. In W. L. Marshall, D. R. Laws, & H. E. Barbaree (s.), Handbook of sexual assault: Issues, theories and treatment of the offender (pp. 343-361). New York: Plenum.

Pithers, W. D., Marques, J. K., Gibat, C. C., & Marlatt, G. A. (1983). Relapse prevention with sexual aggressives: A self-control model of treatment and the maintenance of change. In J. G. Greer & I. R. Stuart (s.), The sexual aggressor: Current perspectives on treatment (pp. 214-234). New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.

Proulx, J., Perrault, C., & Ouimet, M. (1999). Pathways in the offending process of extrafamilial sexual child molesters. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 11(2), 101-116.

Salter, A. C. (1988). Treating child sex offenders and victims: A practical guide. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Smallbone, S. W., & Dadds, M. R. (2000). Attachment and coercive sexual behavior. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 12(1), 3-15.

Stermac, L. E., & Segal, Z. V. (1989). Adult sexual contact with children: An examination of the cognitive factors. Behavior Therapy, 20, 573-584.

Strauss, A. (1987). Qualitative analysis for social scientists. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1990). Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Van Beek, D. J. (1999). De delictscenarioprocedure bij seksueel agressieve delinquenten: Gouda Quint.

Van Beek, D. J., Bullens, R. A. R., & Buschman, F. J. G., (2003). Three offense scripts of rapists and its implication on a group treatment program primarily based on self-regulation theory. Manuscript in preparation.

Ward, T. (2000). Sexual offenders' cognitive distortions as implicit theories. Aggression and Violent Behavior: A Review Journal, 491-507.

Ward, T., Fon, C., Hudson, S. M., & McCormack, J. (1998a). A descriptive model of dysfunctional cognitions in child molesters. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 13, 129-155.

Ward, T., & Hudson, S. M. (1998a). A model of the relapse process in sexual offenders. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 13, 700-725.

Ward, T., & Hudson, S. M. (1998b). The construction and development of theory in the sexual offending area: A meta-theoretical framework. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 10, 47-63.

Ward, T., & Hudson, S. M. (2000a). A self-regulation model of relapse prevention. In D. R. Laws, S. M. Hudson, & T. Ward (Eds.), Remaking relapse prevention with sex offenders. A sourcebook (pp. 79-101). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Ward, T., & Hudson, S. M. (in press). Sexual offenders implicit planning: A conceptual model. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment.

Ward, T., & Hudson, S. M. (2000b). Sexual offenders' implicit planning: A conceptual model. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 12(3), 189-202.

Ward, T., Hudson, S. M., Johnston, L., & Marshall, W. L. (1997). Cognitive distortions in sex offenders: An integrative review. Clinical Psychology Review, 17, 479-507.

Ward, T., Hudson, S. M., & Marshall, W. L. (1995). Cognitive and affective deficits in sexual aggression: A cognitive deconstructionist analysis. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 7, 67-83.

Ward, T., Louden, K., Hudson, S. M., & Marshall, W. L. (1995). A descriptive model of the offense chain for child molesters. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 10, 453-473.

Ward, T., & Siegert, R. J. (in press). Towards a comprehensive theory of child sexual abuse: A theory knitting perspective.

Thông tin
Thông tin xuất bản

Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment

Thông tin tác giả