A 110,000-Yr Record of Explosive Volcanism from the GISP2 (Greenland) Ice Core
Tóm tắt
The time series of volcanically produced sulfate from the GISP2 ice core is used to develop a continuous record of explosive volcanism over the past 110,000 yr. We identified ∼850 volcanic signals (700 of these from 110,000 to 9000 yr ago) with sulfate concentrations greater than that associated with historical eruptions from either equatorial or mid-latitude regions that are known to have perturbed global or Northern Hemisphere climate, respectively. This number is a minimum because decreasing sampling resolution with depth, source volcano location, variable circulation patterns at the time of the eruption, and post-depositional modification of the signal can result in an incomplete record. The largest and most abundant volcanic signals over the past 110,000 yr, even after accounting for lower sampling resolution in the earlier part of the record, occur between 17,000 and 6000 yr ago, during and following the last deglaciation. A second period of enhanced volcanism occurs 35,000–22,000 yr ago, leading up to and during the last glacial maximum. These findings further support a possible climate-forcing component in volcanism. Increased volcanism often occurs during stadial/interstadial transitions within the last glaciation, but this is not consistent over the entire cycle. Ages for some of the largest known eruptions 100,000–9000 yr ago closely correspond to individual sulfate peaks or groups of peaks in our record.
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Simkin, 1993, Terrestrial volcanism in space and time., 427
Sowers, 1989, 135,000 year Vostok-SPECMAP common temporal framework., 737
Vezzoli, 1991, Tephra layers in Bannock Basin (eastern Mediterranean)., 21
Rabek, 1985, Tephrochronology of the western Gulf of Mexico for the last 185,000 years., 403
Zielinski, 1994, Record of volcanism since 7000 B.C. from the GISP2 Greenland ice core and implications for the volcano–climate system., 948
Froggatt, 1990, A review of late Quaternary silicic and some other tephra formations from New Zealand: Their stratigraphy, nomenclature, distribution, volume, and age., 89
Zielinski, 1995, Stratospheric loading and optical depth estimates of explosive volcanism over the last 2100 years derived from the GISP2 Greenland ice core., 20,937
Porter, 1981, Recent glacier variations and volcanic eruptions., 139
Rampino, 1993, Climate-volcanism feedback and the Toba eruption of ˜ 74,000 years ago., 269
Palais, 1992, Inter-hemispheric transport of volcanic ash from a 1259 A.D. volcanic eruption to the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets., 801
Miller, 1987, Late Quaternary caldera-forming eruptions in the eastern Aleutian arc, Alaska., 434
Nakada, 1992, Ice age as a trigger of active Quaternary volcanism and tectonism., 321
Drexler, 1980, The Los Chocoyos Ash, Guatemala: A major stratigraphic marker in Middle America and in three ocean basins., 327
Grove, 1976, Deglaciation—A Possible triggering mechanism for recent volcanism., “Andean and Antarctic Volcanology Problems,”, 88
Robock, 1995, Ice cores as an index of global volcanism from 1850 to the present., 11,549
Kutzbach, 1993, Simulated climatic changes: Results of the COHMAP climate-model experiments., “Global Climates since the Last Glacial Maximum”, 24
Castagnoli, 1995, Evidence for enhanced 10Be deposition in Mediterranean sediments 35 Kyr BP., 707
Rampino, 1979, Can rapid climatic change cause volcanic eruptions?, 826
Bray, 1974, Glacial advance relative to volcanic activity since A.D. 1500., 42
Sigvaldason, 1992, Effect of glacier loading/deloading on volcanism: Postglacial volcanic production rate of the Dyngjufjöll area, central Iceland., 385
Bogaard, 1985, Laacher See tephra: A widespread isochronous late Quaternary tephra layer in central and northern Europe., 1554
Delmas, 1992, 1000 years of explosive volcanism recorded at the South Pole., 335
Bryson, 1980, Volcanic activity and climate changes., 1041
Machida, 1992, ‘‘Atlas of Tephra in and around Japan.”
Hammer, 1980, Greenland ice sheet evidence of post-glacial volcanism and its climatic impact., 230
Alley, 1993, Abrupt accumulation increase at the Younger Dryas termination in the GISP2 ice core., 527
Robock, 1979, The ‘‘Little Ice Age”: Northern Hemisphere average observations and model calculations., 1402
Mayewski, 1994, Changes in atmospheric circulation and ocean ice cover over the North Atlantic Region during the last 41,000 years., 1747
Stuiver, 1993, Extended 14C data base and revised calib 3.0 14C age calibration program., 215
Meese, 1994, Preliminary depth/age scale of the GISP2 Core., 66
Stommel, 1983, ‘‘Volcano Weather.”
Legrand, 1987, A 220-year continuous record of volcanic H2SO4 in the Antarctic Ice Sheet., 671
Bray, 1976, Volcanic triggering of glaciation., 414
Porter, 1978, Glacier Peak tephra in the north Cascade Range, Washington: Stratigraphy, distribution, and relationship to late-glacial events., 30
Sarna-Wojcicki, 1991, Tephrochronologic correlation of upper Neogene sediments along the Pacific margin, conterminous United States., ‘‘Quaternary Nonglacial Geology; Conterminous U.S.”, 117
Ledbetter, 1985, Tephrochronology of marine tephra adjacent to Central America., 77
Bogaard, 1990, Evolution of complex plinian eruptions: The late Quaternary Laacher See case history., “Thera and the Aegean World, Vol. 2, Earth Science”, 463
Björck, 1992, Lake Torfadalsvatn: A high resolution record of the North Atlantic ash zone 1 and the last glacial–interglacial environmental changes in Iceland., 15
Mangerud, 1986, A 9000-year-old ash bed on the Faroe Islands., 262
Mayewski, 1993, Ice core sulfate from three Northern Hemisphere sites: Source and temperature forcing implications., 2915
Chesner, 1991, Eruptive history of Earth’s largest Quaternary caldera (Toba, Indonesia) clarified., 200
O’Brien, 1995, The Holocene’s dynamic environment: Interpretations from a Greenland ice core., 1962
Norddahl, 1992, The Skόgar Tephra, a Younger Dryas marker in North Iceland., 23
Kvamme, 1989, Geochemistry of Pleistocene ash zones in cores from the North Atlantic., 251