Proposal to create subspecies of Rickettsia conorii based on multi-locus sequence typing and an emended description of Rickettsia conorii
Tóm tắt
Rickettsiae closely related to the Malish strain, the reference Rickettsia conorii strain, include Indian tick typhus rickettsia (ITTR), Israeli spotted fever rickettsia (ISFR), and Astrakhan fever rickettsia (AFR). Although closely related genotypically, they are distinct serotypically. Using multilocus sequence typing (MLST), we have recently found that distinct serotypes may not always represent distinct species within the Rickettsia genus. We investigated the possibility of classifying rickettsiae closely related to R. conorii as R. conorii subspecies as proposed by the ad hoc committee on reconciliation of approaches to bacterial systematics. For this, we first estimated their genotypic variability by using MLST including the sequencing of 5 genes, of 31 rickettsial isolates closely related to R. conorii strain Malish, 1 ITTR isolate, 2 isolates and 3 tick amplicons of AFR, and 2 ISFR isolates. Then, we selected a representative of each MLST genotype and used multi-spacer typing (MST) and mouse serotyping to estimate their degree of taxonomic relatedness. Among the 39 isolates or tick amplicons studied, four MLST genotypes were identified: i) the Malish type; ii) the ITTR type; iii) the AFR type; and iv) the ISFR type. Among these four MLST genotypes, the pairwise similarity in nucleotide sequence varied from 99.8 to 100%, 99.4 to 100%, 98.2 to 99.8%, 98.4 to 99.8%, and 99.2 to 99.9% for 16S rDNA, glt A, omp A, omp B, and sca 4 genes, respectively. Representatives of the 4 MLST types were also classified within four types using MST genotyping as well as mouse serotyping. Although homogeneous genotypically, strains within the R. conorii species show MST genotypic, serotypic, and epidemio-clinical dissimilarities. We, therefore, propose to modify the nomenclature of the R. conorii species through the creation of subspecies. We propose the names R. conorii subsp. conorii subsp. nov. (type strain = Malish, ATCC VR-613), R. conorii subspecies indica subsp. nov. (type strain = ATCC VR-597), R. conorii subspecies caspia subsp. nov. (type strain = A-167), and R. conorii subspecies israelensis subsp. nov. (type strain = ISTT CDC1). The description of R. conorii is emended to accomodate the four subspecies.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Weiss E, Moulder JW: Order I Rickettsiales, Gieszczkiewicz 1939. Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Edited by: Krieg NR and Holt JG. 1984, Baltimore, Williams and Wilkins, 687-703. 1
Weisburg WG, Dobson ME, Samuel JE, Dasch GA, Mallavia LP, Baca O, Mandelco L, Sechrest JE, Weiss E, Woese CR: Phylogenetic diversity of the rickettsiae. J Bacteriol. 1989, 171: 4202-4206.
Neimark H, Johansson KE, Rikihisa Y, Tully JG: Proposal to transfer some members of the genera Haemobartonella and Eperythrozoon to the genus Mycoplasma with descriptions of 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemofelis', 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemomuris', 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemosuis' and 'Candidatus Mycoplasma wenyonii'. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2001, 51: 891-899.
Birtles RJ, Harrison TG, Saunders NA, Molyneux DH: Proposals to unify the genera Grahamella and Bartonella, with descriptions of Bartonella talpae comb.nov., Bartonella peromysci comb. nov., and three new species, Bartonella grahamii sp. nov., Bartonella taylorii sp. nov., and Bartonella doshiae sp. nov. Int J Syst Bacteriol. 1995, 45: 1-8.
Brenner DJ, O'Connor SP, Winkler HH, Steigerwalt AG: Proposals to unify the genera Bartonella and Rochalimaea, with descriptions of Bartonella quintana comb. nov., Bartonella vinsonii comb. nov., Bartonella henselae comb. nov., and Bartonella elizabethae comb. nov., and to remove the family Bartonellaceae from the order Rickettsiales. Int J Syst Bacteriol. 1993, 43: 777-786.
Dumler JS, Barbet AF, Bekker CPJ, Dasch GA, Palmer GH, Ray SC, Rikihisa Y, Rurangirwa FR: Reorganisation of genera in the families Rickettsiaceae and Anaplasmataceae in the order Rickettsiales : unification of some species of Ehrlichia with Anaplasma, Cowdria with Ehrlichia and Ehrlichia with Neorickettsia, descriptions of six new species combinations and designation of Ehrlichia equi and 'HGE agent' as subjective synonyms of Ehrlichia phagocytophila. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2001, 51: 2145-2165.
Tamura A, Ohashi N, Urakami H, Miyamura S: Classification of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi in a new genus, Orientia gen nov, as Orientiatsutsugamushi comb. nov. Int J Syst Bacteriol. 1995, 45: 589-591.
Philip RN, Casper EA, Burgdorfer W, Gerloff RK, Hugues LE, Bell EJ: Serologic typing of rickettsiae of the spotted fever group by micro-immunofluorescence. J Immunol. 1978, 121: 1961-1968.
Fournier PE, Dumler JS, Greub G, Zhang J, Yimin W, Raoult D: Gene sequence-based criteria for the identification of new Rickettsia isolates and description of Rickettsia heilongjiangensis sp. nov. J Clin Microbiol. 2003, 41: 5456-5465. 10.1128/JCM.41.12.5456-5465.2003.
Kelly PJ, Mason PR: Serological typing of spotted fever group rickettsia isolates from Zimbabwe. J Clin Microbiol. 1990, 28: 2302-2304.
Walker DH, Liu QH, Yu XJ, Li H, Taylor C, Feng HM: Antigenic diversity of Rickettsia conorii. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1992, 47: 78-86.
Philip CB, Hughes LE, Rao KNA, Kalra SL: 1958, 1: 571- Studies on "Indian tick typhus" and its relation to other human, typhus-like rickettsioses: 1958. Arquivos do V Congresso Internacional de Microbiologia, Rio de Janeiro, 17-24 de Augosto 1950
Cwikel BJ, Ighbarieh J, Sarov I: Antigenic polypeptides of Israeli spotted fever isolates compared with other spotted fever group rickettsiae. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1990, 590: 381-388.
Goldwasser RA, Steiman Y, Klingberg W, Swartz TA, Klingberg MA: The isolation of strains of rickettsiae of the spotted fever group in Israel and their differentiation from other members of the group by immunofluorescence methods. Scand J Infect Dis. 1974, 6: 53-62.
Walker DH, Feng HM, Saada J, Croquet-Valdes P, Radulovic S, Popov VL, Manor E: Comparative antigenic analysis of spotted fever group rickettsiae from Israel and other closely related organisms. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1995, 52: 569-576.
Tarasevich IV, Makarova V, Fetisova NF, Stepanov A, Mistkarova E, Balayeva NM, Raoult D: Astrakhan fever: a new spotted fever group rickettsiosis. Lancet. 1991, 337: 172-173. 10.1016/0140-6736(91)90833-B.
Drancourt M, Beati L, Tarasevich IV, Raoult D: Astrakhan fever rickettsia is identical to Israeli tick typhus rickettsia, a genotype of the Rickettsia conorii complex. J Infect Dis. 1992, 165: 1167-1168.
Tarasevich IV, Makarova VA, Fetisova NF, Stepanov AV, Miskarova ED, Raoult D: Studies of a "new" rickettsiosis, "Astrakhan" spotted fever. Eur J Epidemiol. 1991, 7: 294-298. 10.1007/BF00145681.
Eremeeva ME, Beati L, Makarova VA, Fetisova NF, Tarasevich IV, Balayeva NM, Raoult D: Astrakhan fever rickettsiae: antigenic and genotypic of isolates obtained from human and Rhipicephalus pumilio ticks. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1994, 51: 697-706.
Sekeyova Z, Roux V, Raoult D: Phylogeny of Rickettsia spp. inferred by comparing sequences of 'gene D', which encodes an intracytoplasmic protein. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2001, 51: 1353-1360.
Fournier PE, Roux V, Raoult D: Phylogenetic analysis of spotted fever group rickettsiae by study of the outer surface protein rOmpA. Int J Syst Bacteriol. 1998, 48: 839-849.
Roux V, Raoult D: Phylogenetic analysis of members of the genus Rickettsia using the gene encoding the outer-membrane protein rOmpB (ompB). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2000, 50: 1449-1455.
Dasch GA, Jackson LM: Genetic analysis of isolates of the spotted fever group of rickettsiae belonging to the R.conorii complex. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1998, 29: 11-20.
Kelly DJ, Richards AL, Temenak J, Strickman D, Dasch GA: The past and present threat of rickettsial diseases to military medicine and international public health. Clin Infect Dis. 2002, Suppl 4: 145-169.
Wayne LG, Brenner DJ, Colwell RR, Grimont PAD, Kandler O, Krichevsky MI, Moore LH, Moore WEC, Murray RGE, Stackebrandt E, Starr MP, Truper HG: Report of the Ad hoc committee on reconciliation of approaches to bacterial systematics. Int J Syst Bact. 1987, 37: 463-464.
Andersson SG, Zomorodipour A, Andersson JO, Sicheritz-Ponten T, Alsmark UC, Podowski RM, Naslund AK, Eriksson AS, Winkler HH, Kurland CG: The genome sequence of Rickettsia prowazekii and the origin of mitochondria. Nature. 1998, 396: 133-140. 10.1038/24094.
Ogata H, Audic S, Renesto-Audiffren P, Fournier PE, Barbe V, Samson D, Roux V, Cossart P, Weissenbach J, Claverie JM, Raoult D: Mechanisms of evolution in Rickettsia conorii and R. prowazekii. Science. 2001, 293: 2093-2098. 10.1126/science.1061471.
Fournier PE, Zhu Y, Ogata H, Raoult D: Use of highly variable intergenic spacer sequences for multispacer typing of Rickettsia conorii strains. J Clin Microbiol. 2004, 42: 5757-5766. 10.1128/JCM.42.12.5757-5766.2004.
Bozeman FM, Humphries JW, Campbell JM, O'Hara PL: Symposium on the spotted fever group of rickettsiae. Edited by: Wisseman CLJ. 1960, Washington,D.C., Walter Reed Army Medical Center, 7-11. Laboratory studies of the spotted fever group of rickettsiae, Commission on Rickettsial Diseases,
Roux V, Fournier PE, Raoult D: Differentiation of spotted fever group rickettsiae by sequencing and analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphism of PCR amplified DNA of the gene encoding the protein rOmpA. J Clin Microbiol. 1996, 34: 2058-2065.
Fournier PE, Xeridat B, Raoult D: Isolation of a rickettsia from a patient in Chad which is related to Astrakhan fever rickettsia. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003, 990: 152-157.
Fournier PE, Durand JP, Rolain JM, Camicas JL, Tolou H, Raoult D: Detection of Astrakhan fever rickettsia from ticks in Kosovo. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003, 990: 158-161.
Bacellar F, Beati L, Franca A, Pocas J, Regnery R, Filipe A: Israeli spotted fever rickettsia (Rickettsia conorii complex) associated with human disease in Portugal. Emerg Infect Dis. 1999, 5: 835-836.
Giammanco G, Mansueto S, Ammatuna P, Vitale G: Israeli spotted fever Rickettsia in Sicilian Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks. Emerg Infect Dis. 2003, 9: 892-893.
Conor A, Bruch A: Une fièvre éruptive observée en Tunisie. Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filial. 1910, 8: 492-496.
Roux V, Raoult D: Phylogenetic analysis of the genusRickettsia by 16S rDNA sequencing. Res Microbiol. 1995, 146: 385-396. 10.1016/0923-2508(96)80284-1.
Roux V, Rydkina E, Eremeeva M, Raoult D: Citrate synthase gene comparison, a new tool for phylogenetic analysis, and its application for the rickettsiae. Int J Syst Bact. 1997, 47: 252-261.
Uphoff CC, Drexler HG: Detection of mycoplasma contaminations in cell cultures by PCR analysis. Hum Cell. 1999, 12: 229-236.
Thompson JD, Higgins DG, Gibson TJ: CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nucleic Acids Res. 1994, 22: 4673-4680.
Kimura M: A simple method for estimating evolutionary rate of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences. J Mol Evol. 1980, 16: 111-120.
Felsenstein J: PHYLIP-Phylogeny Inference Package (version 3.2). Cladistics. 1989, 5: 164-166.
Brown JKM: Bootstrap hypothesis tests for evolutionary trees and other dendograms. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994, 91: 12293-12297.
Wisseman CLJ, Waddell AD, Walsh WT: In vitro studies of the action of antibiotics on Rickettsia prowazekii by two basic methods of cell culture. J Infect Dis. 1974, 130: 564-574.
Kumar S, Tamura K, Jakobsen IB, Nei M: MEGA2: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis software. Bioinformatics. 2001, 17: 1244-1245. 10.1093/bioinformatics/17.12.1244.
Raoult D, Weiller PJ, Chagnon A, Chaudet H, Gallais H, Casanova P: Mediterranean spotted fever: clinical, laboratory and epidemiological features of 199 cases. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1986, 35: 845-850.
de Sousa R, Nobrega SD, Bacellar F, Torgal J: Mediterranean spotted fever in Portugal: risk factors for fatal outcome in 105 hospitalized patients. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003, 990: 285-294.
Jayaseelan E, Rajendran SC, Shariff S, Fishbein D, Keystone JS: Cutaneous eruptions in Indian tick typhus. Int J Dermatol. 1991, 30: 790-794.
Gross EM, Yagupsky P: Israeli rickettsial spotted fever in children. A review of 54 cases. Acta Trop. 1987, 44: 91-96.
Bell EJ, Stoenner HG: Immunologic relationships among the spotted fever group of rickettsias determined by toxin neutralisation tests in mice with convalescent animal serums. J Immunol. 1960, 84: 171-182.
Golinevitch H: A propos de la différenciation de quelques rickettsies du groupe de la fièvre pourprée à tiques. Arch Inst Pasteur Tunis. 1960, 37: 13-22.
Drancourt M, Kelly PJ, Regnery RL, Raoult D: Identification of spotted fever group rickettsiae using polymerase chain reaction and restriction-endonuclease length polymorphism analysis. Acta Virol. 1992, 36: 1-6.
Espejo-Arenas E, Raoult D: First isolates of Rickettsia conorii in Spain using a centrifugation-shell vial assay. J Infect Dis. 1989, 159: 1158-1159.
Cardenosa N, Roux V, Font B, Sanfeliu I, Raoult D, Segura F: Short report: isolation and identification of two spotted fever group rickettsial strains from patients in Catalonia, Spain. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2000, 62: 142-144.