Borders of migration: a comparative legal perspective between EU and China
Tóm tắt
This article analyses the notion of borders as a comparative perspective between EU external borders and China’s internal borders. Despite the abundant literature investigating EU external borders and China’s internal administrative borders from the perspective of migration, practically no study has attempted a comparison between the two so far. This article argues that China’s internal borders are worthy of consideration within comparative analyses and present the opportunity of improving European understandings of contemporary borders. After outlining the aims, objectives and method of this comparison, a historical background of borders of migration is provided in both contexts. The relationship between borders and legal affiliation at stake of EU external borders and China’s internal borders is then analyzed. The comparative outlook on borders of migration will individuate two alternative declinations of contemporary borders. Since China’s internal borders do not prevent freedom of movement, yet they persistently endure by allocating of Chinese citizens to different welfare statuses, this article argues that traversable but enduring borders currently exist in China. In the case of EU’s external borders, this paper ascertains fortified but inclusive borders as the outcome of an increased securitization coupled with EU’s far-reaching welfare approach.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Besselink et al (2010) The legal competence with regard to external borders: examining coherence. In: Bigo D, Carrera S, Guild E (eds) Europe’s 21st century challenge: delivering liberty. Ashgate, London, pp 129–142
Bigo D, Guild E (eds) (2005) Controlling frontiers. Free movement into and within Europe. Ashgate, London
Chan KW (2009) The Chinese Hukou System at 50. Eurasian Geogr Econ 50(2):197–221
Chen AH (2004) An introduction to the legal system of the People’s Republic of China, 3rd edn. Hong Kong, Lexis Nexis
Cheng J et al (2014) Comparing inter-migration within the European Union and China: an initial exploration. Migr Stud 2(1):1–15
European Migration Network Report (2007) Illegally Resident Third Country Nationals in EU Member States: state approaches towards them, their profile and social situation. Synthesis Report, January 2007
Faure-Atger A (2011) Competing interests in the europeanization of labour migration rules. In: Guild E, Mantu S (eds) Constructing and imagining labour migration: perspectives of control from five continents. Ashgate, London, pp 157–174
Frankenberg G (1985) Critical comparisons: re-thinking comparative law. Harv Int Law J 26:411–455
Groenendijk K, Guild E, Barzilay R (2000) The legal status of third country nationals who are long-term residents. Nijmegen Migration Law Working Papers Series, Nijmegen
Groenendijk K, Guild E, Minderhoud P (eds) (2003) In search of Europe’s borders. Kluwer Law International, The Hague
Guild E (2007) Citizens without a constitution, borders without a state: EU free movement of persons. In: Baldaccini A, Guild E, Toner H (eds) Whose freedom, security and justice? EU immigration and asylum law and policy. Hart Publishing, Oxford and Portland, pp 25–56
Guild E (2011) Equivocal claims? Ambivalent controls? Labour Migration Regimes in the European Union. In: Guild E, Mantu S (eds) Constructing and imagining labour migration: perspectives of control from five continents. Ashgate, London, pp 207–228
Guiraudon V (2003) Before the EU border: remote control of the “Huddled Masses”. In: Groenendijk K, Guild E, Minderhoud P (eds) In search of Europe’s borders. Kluwer Law International, The Hague, pp 191–215
He X (2003) Regulating rural–urban migrants in Beijing: institutional conflict and ineffective campaigns. Stanf J Int Law 39:177–206
He X (2005) Why do they not comply with the law? Illegality and semi-legality among rural–urban migrant entrepreneurs in Beijing. Law Soc Rev 39:527–562
Kovacheva V et al (2012) Comparing the development of free movement and social citizenship for internal migrants in the European Union and China: converging trends? Citizsh Stud 16(3–4):545–561
Legrand P, Munday R (eds) (2003) Comparative legal studies: traditions and transitions. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
陆益龙(Lu Y) (2009) 户口一元化改革:问题与对策-对四省市试点改革经验的调查 (Unify reform of Hukou: problems and strategies-research on experiences of four pilot projects) 江海学刊 (Jianghai Acad J) 1:130–136
Luo R (2012) Across the institutional passage of migration: the Hukou system in China. Inter Disciplines 1:120–147
Mantu S (2011) Nationality: an alternative control mechanism in an area of free movement? In: Guild E, Mantu S (eds) Constructing and imagining labour migration. Ashgate, London, pp 229–251
Mitsilegas V, Ryan B (2010) Extraterritorial immigration control: legal challenges. Martinus Nijhoff/Brill, Leiden
Nyiri P (2010) Mobility and cultural authority in contemporary China. University of Washington Press, London
Papadopoulos T (2012) Immigration and the variety of migrant Integration regimes in the European Union. In: Carmel E, Cerami A, Papadopoulos T (eds) Migration and welfare in the new Europe: social protection and the challenges of integration. Policy Press, Bristol pp 23–48
Ravenstein EG (1889) The laws of migration, second paper. J R Stat Soc 52:241–305
Rigo E (2007) Europa di Confine. Trasformazioni della cittadinanza allargata. Meltemi, Roma
Ruskola T (2002) Legal orientalism. Mich Law Rev 101(1):179–234
Ruskola T (2013) Legal orientalism: China, the United States, and Modern Law. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA
Walder AG (1986) Communist neo-traditionalism: work and authority in Chinese industry. University of California Press, Berkeley
Walters W (2002) Mapping Schengenland: denaturalizing the border. Environ Plan D Soc Space 20(5):561–580
Wang FL (2005) Organizing through division and exclusion: China’s Hukou system. Stanford University Press, Stanford
Wimmer A, Schiller N (2002) Methodological nationalism and beyond: nation-state building, migration and the social sciences. Glob Netw 2(4):301–344
Wong L, Wai-Po H (1998) Reforming the household registration system: a preliminary glimpse of the blue chop. Household registration system in Shanghai and Shenzhen. Int Migr Rev 32(4):974–994
Xiang B (2007) A new mobility regime in the making: what does a mobile China mean to the world. Idées pour le débat No 10/2007. Global Governance. Paris, Institut du développement durable et des relations internationals
Zweigert K, Kötz H (1998) Introduction to comparative law. Oxford University Press, Oxford