Escape from X Chromosome Inactivation and the Female Predominance in Autoimmune Diseases

International Journal of Molecular Sciences - Tập 22 Số 3 - Trang 1114
Ali Youness1, Charles‐Henry Miquel2,1, Jean‐Charles Guéry1
1Infinity-Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, UPS, 31300 Toulouse, France
2Arthritis R&D, 92200 Neuilly-Sur-Seine, France

Tóm tắt

Women represent 80% of people affected by autoimmune diseases. Although, many studies have demonstrated a role for sex hormone receptor signaling, particularly estrogens, in the direct regulation of innate and adaptive components of the immune system, recent data suggest that female sex hormones are not the only cause of the female predisposition to autoimmunity. Besides sex steroid hormones, growing evidence points towards the role of X-linked genetic factors. In female mammals, one of the two X chromosomes is randomly inactivated during embryonic development, resulting in a cellular mosaicism, where about one-half of the cells in a given tissue express either the maternal X chromosome or the paternal one. X chromosome inactivation (XCI) is however not complete and 15 to 23% of genes from the inactive X chromosome (Xi) escape XCI, thereby contributing to the emergence of a female-specific heterogeneous population of cells with bi-allelic expression of some X-linked genes. Although the direct contribution of this genetic mechanism in the female susceptibility to autoimmunity still remains to be established, the cellular mosaicism resulting from XCI escape is likely to create a unique functional plasticity within female immune cells. Here, we review recent findings identifying key immune related genes that escape XCI and the relationship between gene dosage imbalance and functional responsiveness in female cells.

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Laffont, 2019, Deconstructing the sex bias in allergy and autoimmunity: From sex hormones and beyond, Adv. Immunol., 142, 35, 10.1016/bs.ai.2019.04.001

NIH Autoimmune Diseases Coordinating Committee (ADCC) (2005, March 01). Progress in Autoimmune Diseases Research: Report to Congress. NIH publication number N° 05-5140 2005, Available online: https://www.niaid.nih.gov/sites/default/files/adccfinal.pdf.

Billi, 2019, Sex bias in autoimmunity, Curr. Opin. Rheumatol., 31, 53, 10.1097/BOR.0000000000000564

Fink, 2018, The evolution of greater humoral immunity in females than males: Implications for vaccine efficacy, Curr. Opin. Physiol., 6, 16, 10.1016/j.cophys.2018.03.010

Klein, 2016, Sex differences in immune responses, Nat. Rev. Immunol., 16, 626, 10.1038/nri.2016.90

Zuk, M. (2009). The sicker sex. PLoS Pathog., 5.

Bach, 2018, The hygiene hypothesis in autoimmunity: The role of pathogens and commensals, Nat. Rev. Immunol., 18, 105, 10.1038/nri.2017.111

Libert, 2010, The X chromosome in immune functions: When a chromosome makes the difference, Nat. Rev. Immunol., 10, 594, 10.1038/nri2815

Divekar, 2008, A role for sex chromosome complement in the female bias in autoimmune disease, J. Exp. Med., 205, 1099, 10.1084/jem.20070850

Sasidhar, 2012, The XX sex chromosome complement in mice is associated with increased spontaneous lupus compared with XY, Ann. Rheum. Dis., 71, 1418, 10.1136/annrheumdis-2011-201246

Scofield, 2008, Klinefelter’s syndrome (47,XXY) in male systemic lupus erythematosus patients: Support for the notion of a gene-dose effect from the X chromosome, Arthritis Rheumatol., 58, 2511, 10.1002/art.23701

Harris, 2016, Klinefelter’s syndrome (47,XXY) is in excess among men with Sjögren’s syndrome, Clin. Immunol., 168, 25, 10.1016/j.clim.2016.04.002

Fang, 2019, X Inactivation and Escape: Epigenetic and Structural Features, Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 7, 219, 10.3389/fcell.2019.00219

Graves, 1998, The origin and evolution of the pseudoautosomal regions of human sex chromosomes, Hum. Mol. Genet., 7, 1991, 10.1093/hmg/7.13.1991

Fish, 2008, The X-files in immunity: Sex-based differences predispose immune responses, Nat. Rev. Immunol., 8, 737, 10.1038/nri2394

Pinheiro, 2011, X-chromosome-located microRNAs in immunity: Might they explain male/female differences? The X chromosome-genomic context may affect X-located miRNAs and downstream signaling, thereby contributing to the enhanced immune response of females, Bioessays, 33, 791, 10.1002/bies.201100047

Barreiro, L.B., Ben-Ali, M., Quach, H., Laval, G., Patin, E., Pickrell, J.K., Bouchier, C., Tichit, M., Neyrolles, O., and Gicquel, B. (2009). Evolutionary dynamics of human Toll-like receptors and their different contributions to host defense. PLoS Genet., 5.

Simons, 2020, Presence of Genetic Variants among Young Men With Severe COVID-19, JAMA, 324, 663, 10.1001/jama.2020.13719

Carrel, 2005, X-inactivation profile reveals extensive variability in X-linked gene expression in females, Nature, 434, 400, 10.1038/nature03479

Tukiainen, 2017, Landscape of X chromosome inactivation across human tissues, Nature, 550, 244, 10.1038/nature24265

Wang, 2016, Unusual maintenance of X chromosome inactivation predisposes female lymphocytes for increased expression from the inactive X, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 113, E2029

Hagen, 2020, Heterogeneous Escape from X Chromosome Inactivation Results in Sex Differences in Type I IFN Responses at the Single Human pDC Level, Cell Rep., 33, 108485, 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108485

Souyris, 2018, TLR7 escapes X chromosome inactivation in immune cells, Sci. Immunol., 3, eaap8855, 10.1126/sciimmunol.aap8855

Greenfield, 1998, The UTX gene escapes X inactivation in mice and humans, Hum. Mol. Genet., 7, 737, 10.1093/hmg/7.4.737

Heinz, 2020, TASL is the SLC15A4-associated adaptor for IRF5 activation by TLR7-9, Nature, 581, 316, 10.1038/s41586-020-2282-0

Souyris, 2019, Female predisposition to TLR7-driven autoimmunity: Gene dosage and the escape from X chromosome inactivation, Semin. Immunopathol., 41, 153, 10.1007/s00281-018-0712-y

Dhaliwal, 2019, TLR7 and TLR8 activate distinct pathways in monocytes during RNA virus infection, Sci. Signal., 12, eaaw1347, 10.1126/scisignal.aaw1347

Tripodo, 2018, Plasmacytoid dendritic cells promote systemic sclerosis with a key role for TLR8, Sci. Transl. Med., 10, eaam8458, 10.1126/scitranslmed.aam8458

Pisitkun, 2006, Autoreactive B cell responses to RNA-related antigens due to TLR7 gene duplication, Science, 312, 1669, 10.1126/science.1124978

Deane, 2007, Control of toll-like receptor 7 expression is essential to restrict autoimmunity and dendritic cell proliferation, Immunity, 27, 801, 10.1016/j.immuni.2007.09.009

Guiducci, 2013, RNA recognition by human TLR8 can lead to autoimmune inflammation, J. Exp. Med., 210, 2903, 10.1084/jem.20131044

Christensen, 2006, Toll-like receptor 7 and TLR9 dictate autoantibody specificity and have opposing inflammatory and regulatory roles in a murine model of lupus, Immunity, 25, 417, 10.1016/j.immuni.2006.07.013

Theofilopoulos, 2017, The multiple pathways to autoimmunity, Nat. Immunol, 18, 716, 10.1038/ni.3731

Azar, 2020, TLR7 dosage polymorphism shapes interferogenesis and HIV-1 acute viremia in women, JCI Insight, 5, e136047, 10.1172/jci.insight.136047

Cotton, 2011, Chromosome-wide DNA methylation analysis predicts human tissue-specific X inactivation, Hum. Genet., 130, 187, 10.1007/s00439-011-1007-8

Odhams, 2019, Interferon inducible X-linked gene CXorf21 may contribute to sexual dimorphism in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Nat. Commun., 10, 2164, 10.1038/s41467-019-10106-2

Mackay, 2016, Molecular signatures in systemic lupus erythematosus: Distinction between disease flare and infection, Lupus Sci. Med., 3, e000159, 10.1136/lupus-2016-000159

Oghumu, 2019, Cutting Edge: CXCR3 Escapes X Chromosome Inactivation in T Cells during Infection: Potential Implications for Sex Differences in Immune Responses, J. Immunol., 203, 789, 10.4049/jimmunol.1800931

Trofa, 2018, CD40LG duplication-associated autoimmune disease is silenced by nonrandom X-chromosome inactivation, J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 141, 2308, 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.02.010

Berletch, J.B., Ma, W., Yang, F., Shendure, J., Noble, W.S., Disteche, C.M., and Deng, X. (2015). Escape from X inactivation varies in mouse tissues. PLoS Genet., 11.

Itoh, 2019, The X-linked histone demethylase Kdm6a in CD4+ T lymphocytes modulates autoimmunity, J. Clin. Investig., 130, 3852, 10.1172/JCI126250

Dunford, 2017, Tumor-suppressor genes that escape from X-inactivation contribute to cancer sex bias, Nat. Genet., 49, 10, 10.1038/ng.3726

Brown, 1994, The human X-inactivation centre is not required for maintenance of X-chromosome inactivation, Nature, 368, 154, 10.1038/368154a0

Csankovszki, 2001, Synergism of Xist RNA, DNA methylation, and histone hypoacetylation in maintaining X chromosome inactivation, J. Cell Biol., 153, 773, 10.1083/jcb.153.4.773

Savarese, 2006, Hematopoietic precursor cells transiently reestablish permissiveness for X inactivation, Mol. Cell Biol., 26, 7167, 10.1128/MCB.00810-06

Syrett, C.M., Sindhava, V., Hodawadekar, S., Myles, A., Liang, G., Zhang, Y., Nandi, S., Cancro, M., Atchison, M., and Anguera, M.C. (2017). Loss of Xist RNA from the inactive X during B cell development is restored in a dynamic YY1-dependent two-step process in activated B cells. PLoS Genet., 13.

Syrett, 2019, Altered X-chromosome inactivation in T cells may promote sex-biased autoimmune diseases, JCI Insight, 4, e126751, 10.1172/jci.insight.126751

Syrett, 2019, Loss of epigenetic modifications on the inactive X chromosome and sex-biased gene expression profiles in B cells from NZB/W F1 mice with lupus-like disease, J. Autoimmun., 107, 102357, 10.1016/j.jaut.2019.102357

Adrianse, 2018, Perturbed maintenance of transcriptional repression on the inactive X-chromosome in the mouse brain after Xist deletion, Epigenetics Chromatin, 11, 50, 10.1186/s13072-018-0219-8

Ober, 2008, Sex-specific genetic architecture of human disease, Nat. Rev. Genet., 9, 911, 10.1038/nrg2415

Laffont, 2014, X-Chromosome complement and estrogen receptor signaling independently contribute to the enhanced TLR7-mediated IFN-alpha production of plasmacytoid dendritic cells from women, J. Immunol., 193, 5444, 10.4049/jimmunol.1303400

Valverde, 2012, TLR7/8/9 polymorphisms and their associations in systemic lupus erythematosus patients from southern Brazil, Lupus, 21, 302, 10.1177/0961203311425522

Pavlovic, 2010, Clinical and molecular evidence for association of SLE with parvovirus B19, Lupus, 19, 783, 10.1177/0961203310365715

Gonzalez-Quintial, R., Nguyen, A., Kono, D.H., Oldstone, M.B.A., Theofilopoulos, A.N., and Baccala, R. (2018). Lupus acceleration by a MAVS-activating RNA virus requires endosomal TLR signaling and host genetic predisposition. PLoS ONE, 13.

Griesbeck, 2015, Sex Differences in Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Levels of IRF5 Drive Higher IFN-alpha Production in Women, J. Immunol., 195, 5327, 10.4049/jimmunol.1501684