Soil test measures of available P (Colwell, resin and DGT) compared with plant P uptake using isotope dilution
Tóm tắt
Recent research has demonstrated the high accuracy of a new method for assessment of plant available P in soil called diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT). The process of P released by additions of bicarbonate to soil samples simulating common soil P tests is yet to be assessed by the new method (DGT). The aim of this study was to identify the pools of soil P extracted by soil test methods (DGT, Colwell and resin) by comparing, in 32P–labelled soils, the specific activity (SA) of phosphorus extracted by common soil test extracts with the SA of wheat plants grown in a range of agricultural soils from southern Australia. Wheat (cv. Frame) was grown for 4 weeks in 14 soils that were labelled uniformly with carrier-free 32P. The specific activity (SA) of P (MBq 32P kg 31P−1) in each soil test extract was compared to the SA of P in the wheat plants. The SA of P in plants were similar to P extracted by the Colwell extractant in only 4 of the 14 soils; while SA in plants and extractants corresponded in 10 of the soils for the resin method and in 12 of the soils for the DGT method. Phosphorus in the Colwell and resin extract solutions had significantly lower SAs compared to P in the plants for 10 and 4 of the soils, respectively, indicating greater extraction of non-labile P sources (unlabelled 31P). Phosphorus in the DGT extractant had significantly lower SA than the plants for 1 soil and in 1 soil the SA was higher. Overall, across all soils, 25 % of P extracted by the Colwell method was non labile compared to 9 % and 2 % for the resin and DGT methods, respectively. The new DGT method for extraction of soil P has the potential to accurately predict occurrences of P deficiency because it generally extracts the same pool of labile soil P accessed by wheat plants, while methods using bicarbonate solution (e.g. Colwell, Olsen) or water (resin) at wide soil:solution ratios are more likely to measure more non-labile forms of P in soil.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Amer F, Bouldin DR, Black CA, Duke FR (1955) Characterization of soil phosphorus by anion exchange resin adsorption and p32-equilibration. Plant Soil 6:391–407
Bertrand I, Holloway RE, Armstrong RD, McLaughlin MJ (2003) Chemical characteristics of phosphorus in alkaline soils from southern Australia. Aust J Soil Res 41:61–76
Braum SM, Helmke PA (1995) White lupin utilizes soil phosphorus that is unavailable to soybean. Plant Soil 176:95–100
Bray RH, Kurtz LT (1945) Determination of total, organic and available forms of phosphorus in soils. Soil Sci 59:39–45
Burkitt LL, Moody PW, Gourley CJP, Hannah MC (2002) A simple phosphorus buffering index for Australian soils. Aust J Soil Res 40:497–513
Colwell JD (1963) The estimation of the phosphorus fertiliser requirements of wheat in southern New South Wales by soil analysis. Aust J Exp Agric Anim Husb 3:190–198
Cordell D, Drangert J-O, White S (2009) The story of phosphorus: global food security and food for thought. Glob Environ Chang 19:292–305
Di HJ, Condron LM, Frossard E (1997) Isotope techniques to study phosphorus cycling in agricultural and forest soils: a review. Bio Fert Soils 24:1–12
Fardeau JC (1996) Dynamics of phosphate in soils. An isotopic outlook. Nut Cyc Agroecosys 45:91–100
Fardeau JC, Guiraud G, Marol C (1996) The role of isotopic techniques on the evaluation of the agronomic effectiveness of P fertilizers. Nut Cyc Agroecosys 45:101–109
Frossard E, Morel JL, Fardeau JC, Brossard M (1994) Soil isotopically exchangeable phosphorus: a comparison between E and L values. Soil Sci Soc Am J 58:846–851
Frossard E, Achat DL, Bernasconi SM, Bünemann EK, Fardeau J-C, Jansa J, Morel C, Rabeharisoa L, Randriamanantsoa L, Sinaj S, Tamburini F, Oberson A, Bünemann E, Oberson A, Frossard E (2011) The Use of tracers to investigate phosphate cycling in soil–plant systems. In: Phosphorus in action. Springer, Berlin, pp 59–91
Gardner R, Kelley O (1940) Relation of pH to phosphate solubility in Colorado soils. Soil Sci 50:91–102
Hamon RE, McLaughlin MJ (2002) Interferences in the determination of isotopically exchangeable P in soils and a method to minimise them. Aust J Soil Res 40:1383–1397
Hedley MJ, White RE, Nye PH (1982) Plant-induced changes in the rhizosphere of rape (brassica napus var. Emerald) seedlings. Iii. Changes in L value, soil phosphate fractions and phosphatase activity. New Phytol 91:45–56
Holford ICR, Morgan JM, Bradley J, Cullis BR (1985) Yield responsiveness and response curvature as essential criteria for the evaluation and calibration of soil phosphate tests for wheat. Aust J Soil Res 23:167–180
Lombi E, Scheckel KG, Armstrong RD, Forrester S, Cutler JN, Paterson D (2006) Speciation and distribution of phosphorus in a fertilised soil: a synchrotron-based investigation. Soil Sci Soc Am J 70:2038–2048
Mason SD, Hamon RE, Zhang H, Anderson J (2008) Investigating chemical constraints to the measurement of phosphorus in soils using DGT (Diffusive Gradients in Thin-films) and resin methods. Talanta 74:779–787
Mason S, McNeill A, McLaughlin M, Zhang H (2010) Prediction of wheat response to an application of phosphorus under field conditions using diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT) and extraction methods. Plant Soil 337:243–258
McBeath TM, Armstrong RD, Lombi E, McLaughlin MJ, Holloway RE (2005) Responsiveness of wheat to liquid and granular phosphorus fertilisers in southern Australia. Aust J Soil Res 43:203–212
McBeath TM, McLaughlin MJ, Armstrong RD, Bell M, Bolland MDA, Conyers MK, Holloway RE, Mason SD (2007) Predicting the response of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to liquid and granular phosphorus fertilisers in Australian soils. Aust J Soil Res 45:448–458
Mehlich A (1984) Mehlich-3 soil test extractant - a modification of mehlich-2 extractant. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 15:1409–1416
Menzies NW, Kusumo B, Moody PW (2005) Assessment of P availability in heavily fertilized soils using the diffusive gradient in thin films (DGT) technique. Plant Soil 269:1–9
Moody PW (2007) Interpretation of a single-point P buffering index for adjusting critical levels of the Colwell soil P test. Aust J Soil Res 45:55–62
Moody PW, Dickson T, Dwyer JC, Compton BL (1990) Predicting yield responsiveness and phosphorus fertiliser requirements of soybeans from soil tests. Aust J Soil Res 28:399–406
Murphy J, Riley JP (1962) A modified single method for the determination of phosphates in natural waters. Anal Chim Acta 27:31–36
Olsen SR, Cole CV, Watanabe F, Dean LA (1954) Estimation of available phosphorus in soils by extraction with sodium bicarbonate. U.S.D.A. Circular No. 939, 19p., USA
Randall GW, Grava J (1971) Effect of soil: bray No. 1 Ratios on the amount of phosphorus extracted from calcareous Minnesota soils. Soil Sci Soc Amer Proc 35:112–114
Rayment GE, Higginson FR (1992) Australian laboratory handbook of soil and water chemical methods. Inkarta Press, Melbourne
Reuter DJ, Dyson CB, Elliott DE, Lewis DC, Rudd CL (1995) An appraisal of soil phosphorus testing data for crops and pastures in South Australia. Aust J Exp Agric 35:979–995
Reuter DJ, Robinson JB (1997) Temperate and tropical crops. In: Reuter DJ, Edwards DG, Wilhelm NS (eds) Plant analysis- an interpretation manual. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, VIC, pp 83–284
Saggar S, Hedley MJ, White RE (1990) A simplified resin membrane technique for extracting phosphorus from soils. Fert Res 24:173–180
Saggar S, Hedley MJ, White RE, Perrot KW, Gregg PEH, Cornforth IS, Sinclair AG (1999) Development and evaluation of an improved soil test for phosphorus. 3: field comparison of Olsen, Colwell and resin soil P tests for New Zealand pasture soils. Nutr Cycl Agroecosys 55:35–50
Six L, Pypers P, Degryse F, Smolders E, Merckx R (2012) The performance of DGT versus conventional soil phosphorus tests in tropical soils - an isotope dilution study. PlantSoil 359:267–279
Six L, Smolders E, Merckx R (2013) The performance of DGT versus conventional soil phosphorus tests in tropical soils—maize and rice responses to P application. Plant Soil 366:49–66
Tandy S, Mundus S, Yngvesson J, de Bang T, Lombi E, Schjoerring J, Husted S (2011) The use of DGT for prediction of plant available copper, zinc and phosphorus in agricultural soils. Plant Soil 346:167–180
Thompson M, Bee HM, Cheeseman RV, Evans WH, Lord DW, Ripley BD, Wood R (1987) Recommendations for the definition, estimation and use of the detection limit. Analyst 112:199–204
van Raij B, Quaggio JA, da Silva NM (1986) Extraction of phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and magnesium from soils by an ion-Exchange resin procedure. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 17:547–566
Zhang H, Davison W (1995) Performance characteristics of diffusion gradients in thin films for the in situ measurement of trace metals in aqueous solution. Anal Chem 67:3391–3400
Zhang H, Davison W, Gadi R, Kobayashi T (1998) In situ measurement of dissolved phosphorus in natural waters using DGT. Anal Chim Acta 370:29–38