Facial affect recognition and exit examination performance in medical students: a prospective exploratory study
Tóm tắt
Facial affect recognition (FAR) abilities underpin emotional intelligence (EI). The latter is suggested to predict academic success and to be important for clinician-patient interaction. It is therefore of interest to investigate the possible association between FAR and academic performance in undergraduate medical students. We assessed the association between the ability to recognize emotions through facial expression and exit examination performance, a measure of clinical proficiency, in undergraduate medical students stratified by gender at a South African tertiary institution using a prospective descriptive design. Data on the perception of facial expressions and exit examination marks were obtained from 144 (61%) females and 93 (39%) males with a mean age of 24.1 ± 1.6 years. Facial affect recognition measures on the Hexagon and Animation tasks were individually correlated with academic performance indicators using Pearson correlation. The perceptual discrimination of anger was associated with improved performance in anaesthetics (r = .24; p = .004) and urology (r = .24; p = .001), while the recognition of happiness was associated with decreased performance in obstetrics (r = −.21, p = .002). Gender was an effect modifier in the relationship between perceptual discrimination of anger and urology performance (p = .03), with a strong positive relationship for males, but a non-significant relationship for females. There was no overall correlation between FAR and overall academic performance or with gender. However, subject (specialty) specific findings with recognition of specific emotions and with gender as effect modifier poses interesting questions about EI and FAR and prompts further research into FAR as a useful tool. Being an objective test and offering a more focused assessment makes FAR worthy of further application.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Romanelli F, Cain J, Smith KM: Emotional Intelligence as a predictor of academic and/or professional success. Am J Pharm Educ. 2006, 70: 69-10.5688/aj700369.
Arora S, Ashrafian H, Davis R, Athanasiou T, Darzi A, Sevdalis N: Emotional intelligence in medicine: a systematic review through the context of the ACGME competencies. Med Educ. 2010, 44: 749-764. 10.1111/j.1365-2923.2010.03709.x.
Glick SM: The empathic physician: nature and nurture. Empathy and the practice of medicine. Edited by: Spiro H, Curnen MGM, Peschel E. 1993, Yale University Press, St James D, 85-102.
McMullen B: From marshmallow to medicine: the case for emotional intelligence in medical education. Educ Prim Care. 2002, 13: 168-171.
Shapiro J, Morrison EH, Boker JR: Teaching empathy to first year medical students: evaluation of an elective literature and medicine course. Educ Health. 2004, 17: 73-84. 10.1080/13576280310001656196.
Wagner PJ, Moseley GC, Grant MM, Gore JR, Owens C: Physicians’ emotional intelligence and patient satisfaction. Fam Med. 2002, 34: 750-754.
Zachariae R, Pedersen CG, Jensen AB, Ehrnrooth E, Rossen PB, Von Der Maase H: Association of perceived physician communication style with patient satisfaction, distress, cancer-related self-efficacy, and perceived control over disease. Br J Cancer. 2003, 88: 658-665. 10.1038/sj.bjc.6600798.
Kim SS, Kaplowitz S, Johnstone MV: The effects of physician empathy on patient satisfaction and compliance. Eval Health Prof. 2004, 27: 237-251. 10.1177/0163278704267037.
Lewis NJ, Rees CE, Hudson JN, Bleakley A: Emotional Intelligence in Medical Education: Measuring the Unmeasurable?. Adv Health Sci Educ. 2005, 10: 339-355. 10.1007/s10459-005-4861-0.
Mayer JD, Salovey P: What is Emotional Intelligence?. Emotional development and emotional intelligence: educational implications. Edited by: Salovey P, Sluyter DJ. 1997, Basic Books, New York, 3-31. 1
Ekrnan P: Differential communication of affect by head and body cues. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1965, 2: 726-735. 10.1037/h0022736.
Noller P: Video primacy: a further look. J Nonverb Behav. 1985, 9: 28-47. 10.1007/BF00987557.
Fridlund AJ, Ekman P, Oster H: Facial expressions of emotion. Nonverbal behavior and communication 2nd ed. Edited by: Siegman AW, Feldstein S. 1984, Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ, 143-223.
Boyatzis CJ, Satyaprasad C: Children's facial and gestural decoding and encoding- Relations between skills and with popularity. J Nonverb Behav. 1994, 18: 37-55. 10.1007/BF02169078.
Boyatzis CJ, Chazan E, Ting CZ: Preschool children's decoding of facial emotions. J Genet Psychol. 1993, 154: 375-382. 10.1080/00221325.1993.10532190.
Hoffmann H, Kessler H, Eppel T, Rukavina S, Traue HC: Expression intensity, gender and facial emotion recognition: women recognize only subtle facial emotions better than men. Acta Psychol. 2010, 135: 278-283. 10.1016/j.actpsy.2010.07.012.
Mayer J, Salovey P, Caruso D: Emotional intelligence: a new ability or eclectic traits?. Am Psychol. 2008, 6: 503-517. 10.1037/0003-066X.63.6.503.
O’Connor RM, Little IS: Revisiting the predictive validity of emotional intelligence: self-report versus ability-based measures. Pers Individ Diff. 2003, 35: 1893-1902. 10.1016/S0191-8869(03)00038-2.
Newsome S, Day AL, Catano VM: Assessing the predictive validity of emotional intelligence. Pers Individ Diff. 2000, 29: 1005-1016. 10.1016/S0191-8869(99)00250-0.
Bar-on R: BarON Emotional Quotient Inventory: technical manual. 1997, Multi-Health Systems, Toronto
Barchard KA: Does emotional intelligence assist in the prediction of academic success?. Educ Psychol Meas. 2003, 63: 840-858. 10.1177/0013164403251333.
Parker JDA, Summerfeldt LJ, Hogan MJ, Majeski SA: Emotional intelligence and academic success: examining the transition from high school to university. Pers Individ Diff. 2004, 36: 163-172. 10.1016/S0191-8869(03)00076-X.
MacCann C, Fogarty GJ, Zeidner M, Roberts RD: Coping mediates the relationship between emotional intelligence (EI) and academic achievement. Contemp Educ Psychol. 2011, 36: 60-70. 10.1016/j.cedpsych.2010.11.002.
Niedenthal PM, Brauer M, Robin L, Innes-Ker AH: Adult attachment and the perception of facial expression of emotion. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2002, 82: 419-433. 10.1037/0022-3514.82.3.419.
Young A, Perrett D, Calder A, Sprengelmeyer R, Ekman P: Facial expressions of emotion: stimuli and tests (FEEST). 2002, Thames Valley Test Company, Suffolk, England
Hariri AR, Bookheimer SY, Mazziotta JC: Modulating emotional responses: effects of a neocortical network on the limbic system. Neuroreport. 2000, 11: 43-48. 10.1097/00001756-200001170-00009.
Carrothers RM, Gregory SW, Gallagher TJ: Measuring emotional intelligence of medical school applicants. Acad Med. 2000, 75: 456-463. 10.1097/00001888-200005000-00016.
Austin EJ, Evans P, Goldwater R, Potter V: A preliminary study of emotional intelligence, empathy and exam performance in first year medical students. Pers Individ Diff. 2005, 39: 1395-1405. 10.1016/j.paid.2005.04.014.
Austin EJ, Evans P, Magnus B, O’Hanlon K: A preliminary study of empathy, emotional intelligence and examination performance in MBChB students. Med Educ. 2007, 41: 684-689. 10.1111/j.1365-2923.2007.02795.x.
Birks YF, Watt IS: Emotional intelligence and patient centred care. J R Soc Med. 2007, 100: 368-374. 10.1258/jrsm.100.8.368.
MacNeily AE, Alden L, Webber E, Afshar K: The surgical personality: comparisons between urologists, non-urologists and non-surgeons. Can Urol Assoc J. 2011, 5 (3): 182-185. 10.5489/cuaj.10142.
Rotter NG, Rotter GS: Sex differences in the encoding and decoding of negative facial emotion. J Nonverb Behav. 1988, 12: 139-148. 10.1007/BF00986931.
Mandal MK, Palchoudhury S: Perceptual skill in decoding facial affect. Percept Mot Skills. 1985, 60: 96-98. 10.2466/pms.1985.60.1.96.
Wagner HL, MacDonald CJ, Manstead AS: Communication of individual emotions by spontaneous facial expressions. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1986, 50: 737-743. 10.1037/0022-3514.50.4.737.
Hojat M, Gonnella JS, Mangione S, Nasca TJ, Veloski JJ, Erdmann JB, Callahan CA, Magee M: Empathy in medical students as related to academic performance, clinical competence and gender. Med Educ. 2002, 36: 522-527. 10.1046/j.1365-2923.2002.01234.x.