Structure–function relationships of the plant cuticle and cuticular waxes — a smart material?

Functional Plant Biology - Tập 33 Số 10 - Trang 893 - 2006
Hendrik Bargel1,2, Kerstin Koch3, Zdenek Cerman3, Christoph Neinhuis1
1Institut für Botanik, Technische Universität Dresen, Zellescher Weg 22, 01062 Dresden, Germany.
2Present address: Biotechnical Center, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Petersenstraße 20, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
3Nees-Institut für Biodiversität der Pflanzen, Universität Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 170, 53115 Bonn, Germany.

Tóm tắt

The cuticle is the main interface between plants and their environment. It covers the epidermis of all aerial primary parts of plant organs as a continuous extracellular matrix. This hydrophobic natural composite consists mainly of the biopolymer, cutin, and cuticular lipids collectively called waxes, with a high degree of variability in composition and structure. The cuticle and cuticular waxes exhibit a multitude of functions that enable plant life in many different terrestrial habitats and play important roles in interfacial interactions. This review highlights structure–function relationships that are the subjects of current research activities. The surface waxes often form complex crystalline microstructures that originate from self-assembly processes. The concepts and results of the analysis of model structures and the influence of template effects are critically discussed. Recent investigations of surface waxes by electron and X-ray diffraction revealed that these could be assigned to three crystal symmetry classes, while the background layer is not amorphous, but has an orthorhombic order. In addition, advantages of the characterisation of formation of model wax types on a molecular scale are presented. Epicuticular wax crystals may cause extreme water repellency and, in addition, a striking self-cleaning property. The principles of wetting and up-to-date concepts of the transfer of plant surface properties to biomimetic technical applications are reviewed. Finally, biomechanical studies have demonstrated that the cuticle is a mechanically important structure, whose properties are dynamically modified by the plant in response to internal and external stimuli. Thus, the cuticle combines many aspects attributed to smart materials.

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Andrews, 2002, Journal of Experimental Botany, 53, 2393, 10.1093/jxb/erf109

Andrews, 2002, Journal of Experimental Botany, 53, 2185, 10.1093/jxb/erf070

Baker, 1974, New Phytologist, 73, 955, 10.1111/j.1469-8137.1974.tb01324.x

Bargel, 2004, Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, 23, 61, 10.1007/s00344-004-0036-0

Bargel, 2005, Journal of Experimental Botany, 56, 1049, 10.1093/jxb/eri098

Bargel, 2004, Plant Biology, 6, 432, 10.1055/s-2004-821002

Barthlott, 1981, Nordic Journal of Botany, 3, 345, 10.1111/j.1756-1051.1981.tb00704.x

Barthlott, 1977, Tropische und Subtropische Pflanzenwelt, 19, 367

Barthlott, 1997, Planta, 202, 1, 10.1007/s004250050096

Barthlott, 2001, Tekstil, 50, 461

Barthlott, 1998, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 126, 237, 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1998.tb02529.x

Bateman, 1998, Annual Reviews of Ecology and Systematics, 29, 263, 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.29.1.263

Baum, 1989, Canadian Journal of Botany, 67, 3219, 10.1139/b89-401

Beattie, 1995, Annual Review of Phytopathology, 33, 145, 10.1146/annurev.py.33.090195.001045

Bianchi, 1979, Experientia, 35, 1417, 10.1007/BF01962755

Bird, 2003, New Phytologist, 157, 9, 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00543.x

Bonaventure, 2004, The Plant Journal, 40, 920, 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2004.02258.x

Brownleader, 1999, Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 39, 149, 10.1080/10408399908500494

Buchholz, 1992, Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 31, 189, 10.1002/anie.199201891

Burton, 2005, Nano Letters, 5, 1607, 10.1021/nl050861b

Canet, 1996, New Phytologist, 134, 571, 10.1111/j.1469-8137.1996.tb04922.x

Carr, 1985, Protoplasma, 124, 205, 10.1007/BF01290771

Chambers, 1976, New Phytologist, 77, 43, 10.1111/j.1469-8137.1976.tb01499.x

Chamel, 1991, Plant, Cell & Environment, 14, 87, 10.1111/j.1365-3040.1991.tb01374.x

Collinson, 1998, Ancient Biomolecules, 2, 251

Conn, 1989, Zeitschrift f�r Naturforschung C, 44, 705, 10.1515/znc-1989-7-825

Croteau, 1974, Biochemistry, 13, 3193, 10.1021/bi00712a030

Cyr, 1996, Chemistry of Materials, 8, 1600, 10.1021/cm960113a

De Feyter, 2005, Journal of Physical Chemistry B. Materials, Surfaces, Interfaces, & Biophysical, 109, 4290

Deshmukh, 2005, Organic Geochemistry, 36, 1072, 10.1016/j.orggeochem.2005.02.005

Dominguez, 1999, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1426, 168, 10.1016/S0304-4165(98)00152-4

Dorset, 2002, Structural Chemistry, 13, 329, 10.1023/A:1015820108707

Edelmann, 2005, Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, 24, 116, 10.1007/s00344-004-0015-5

Engel, 1939, Jahrb�cher f�r wissenschaftliche Botanik, 48, 816

Ensikat, 2000, International Journal of Plant Sciences, 161, 143, 10.1086/314234

Ensikat, 2006, Chemistry and Physics of Lipids

Erbil, 2003, Science, 299, 1377, 10.1126/science.1078365

Espelie, 1979, Plant Physiology, 64, 1089, 10.1104/pp.64.6.1089

Feng, 2002, Advanced Materials, 14, 1857, 10.1002/adma.200290020

Fernandez, 1999, Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 37, 789, 10.1016/S0981-9428(00)86692-9

Ferrer, 1991, Annals of Botany, 67, 561, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a088199

Fischer, 1991, Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology, 42, 675, 10.1146/annurev.pp.42.060191.003331

Franke, 2005, Phytochemistry, 66, 2643, 10.1016/j.phytochem.2005.09.027

F�rstner, 2000, Nachrichten aus der Chemie, 48, 24, 10.1002/nadc.20000480111

F�rstner, 2005, Langmuir, 21, 956, 10.1021/la0401011

Gesqui�re, 2000, Chemistry?A European Journal, 6, 3739, 10.1002/1521-3765(20001016)6:20<3739::AID-CHEM3739>3.0.CO;2-1

Giovannoni, 2004, The Plant Cell, 16, S170, 10.1105/tpc.019158

Gleiche, 2000, Nature, 403, 173, 10.1038/35003149

Gomez-Campo, 1999, Annals of Botany, 83, 515, 10.1006/anbo.1999.0849

Graca, 2002, Phytochemistry, 61, 205, 10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00212-1

Guhling, 2005, Journal of Chemical Ecology, 31, 2323, 10.1007/s10886-005-7104-1

G�lz, 1994, Journal of Plant Physiology, 143, 453, 10.1016/S0176-1617(11)81807-9

G�nther, 1966, Journal of Ultrastructure Research, 15, 522, 10.1016/S0022-5320(66)80125-9

Guo, 2005, Journal of the American Chemical Society, 127, 15�670, 10.1021/ja0547836

Haas, 2001, Journal of Applied Botany?Angewandte Botanik, 75, 178

Hallam, 1970, Australian Journal of Botany, 18, 335, 10.1071/BT9700335

Hasenstein, 1993, Planta, 190, 58, 10.1007/BF00195675

Heredia, 2003, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1620, 1, 10.1016/S0304-4165(02)00510-X

Hoh, 1992, Trends in Cell Biology, 2, 208, 10.1016/0962-8924(92)90248-L

Holloway, 1969, The Annals of Applied Biology, 63, 145, 10.1111/j.1744-7348.1969.tb05475.x

Holloway, 1970, Pesticide Science, 1, 156, 10.1002/ps.2780010411

Holloway, 1981, Journal of Experimental Botany, 32, 1051, 10.1093/jxb/32.5.1051

Holloway, 1976, Phytochemistry, 15, 1768, 10.1016/S0031-9422(00)97477-6

Holton, 1995, The Plant Cell, 7, 1071, 10.1105/tpc.7.7.1071

Hunt, 1980, Phytochemistry, 19, 1415, 10.1016/0031-9422(80)80185-3

Jeffree, 1975, New Phytologist, 75, 539, 10.1111/j.1469-8137.1975.tb01417.x

Jenks, 1999, Horticultural Reviews, 23, 1

Jetter, 1994, Planta, 195, 257, 10.1007/BF00199686

Jetter, 1995, Botanica Acta, 108, 111, 10.1111/j.1438-8677.1995.tb00840.x

Jetter, 2001, Plant Physiology, 126, 1725, 10.1104/pp.126.4.1725

Jetter, 2000, Plant, Cell & Environment, 23, 619, 10.1046/j.1365-3040.2000.00581.x

Jiang, 2004, Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 43, 4438, 10.1002/ange.200460333

Jimenez, 2002, Planta, 214, 751, 10.1007/s004250100667

Knoche, 2004, Physiologia Plantarum, 120, 667, 10.1111/j.0031-9317.2004.0285.x

Koch, 2004, Journal of Experimental Botany, 55, 711, 10.1093/jxb/erh077

Koch, 2006, Planta, 223, 258, 10.1007/s00425-005-0081-3

Koch, 2006, Environmental and Experimental Botany, 56, 1, 10.1016/j.envexpbot.2004.09.013

Kolattukudy, 1980, Science, 208, 990, 10.1126/science.208.4447.990

Krauss, 1997, Plant, Cell & Environment, 20, 1079, 10.1111/j.1365-3040.1997.tb00684.x

Kreger, 1956, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 19, 22, 10.1016/0006-3002(56)90382-1

Kunst, 2003, Progress in Lipid Research, 42, 51, 10.1016/S0163-7827(02)00045-0

Kurdyukov, 2006, The Plant Cell, 321, 10.1105/tpc.105.036079

Lafuma, 2003, Nature Materials, 2, 457, 10.1038/nmat924

Laguna, 1999, Physiologia Plantarum, 105, 491, 10.1034/j.1399-3054.1999.105314.x

Le Poulennec, 2000, Surface Science, 448, 93, 10.1016/S0039-6028(99)01106-1

Lees, 1984, Crop Science, 24, 1077, 10.2135/cropsci1984.0011183X002400060016x

Lownds, 1988, Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 113, 205, 10.21273/JASHS.113.2.205

Marechal, 1996, Journal of Physical Chemistry, 100, 8551, 10.1021/jp951981i

Marga, 2001, Planta, 213, 841, 10.1007/s004250100576

Marmur, 2003, Langmuir, 19, 8343, 10.1021/la0344682

Matas, 1999, Zeitschrift f�r Naturforschung C, 54, 896, 10.1515/znc-1999-1107

Matas, 2003, International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 33, 31, 10.1016/S0141-8130(03)00061-8

Matas, 2004, American Journal of Botany, 91, 352, 10.3732/ajb.91.3.352

Matas, 2004, HortScience, 36, 1354, 10.21273/HORTSCI.39.6.1354

Matas, 2004, Thermochimica Acta, 409, 165, 10.1016/S0040-6031(03)00357-5

Matas, 2005, American Journal of Botany, 92, 462, 10.3732/ajb.92.3.462

Meusel, 1994, Plant Systematics and Evolution, 193, 115, 10.1007/BF00983545

Meusel, 1999, Canadian Journal of Botany, 77, 706, 10.1139/b98-229

Meusel, 2000, Powder Diffraction, 15, 123, 10.1017/S0885715600010976

Meusel, 2000, Plant Biology, 2, 462, 10.1055/s-2000-5961

Mo, 2004, Journal of Physics Condensed Matter, 16, S2905, 10.1088/0953-8984/16/29/005

Mondal, 2004, Biologia Plantarum, 48, 49, 10.1023/B:BIOP.0000024274.43874.5b

M�sle, 1997, Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 40?41, 585, 10.1016/S0165-2370(97)00039-9

Neinhuis, 1997, Annals of Botany, 79, 667, 10.1006/anbo.1997.0400

Neinhuis, 1995, Journal of Bryology, 18, 399, 10.1179/jbr.1995.18.3.399

Neinhuis, 2001, Planta, 213, 427, 10.1007/s004250100530

Noga, 1987, Angewandte Botanik, 61, 521

Nosonovsky, 2005, Microsystem Technologies, 11, 535, 10.1007/s00542-005-0602-9

Otten, 2004, Langmuir, 20, 2405, 10.1021/la034961d

Patankar, 2004, Langmuir, 20, 8209, 10.1021/la048629t

Pesacreta, 1991, Protoplasma, 163, 174, 10.1007/BF01323341

Petracek, 1995, Plant Physiology, 109, 675, 10.1104/pp.109.2.675

Popp, 2005, Journal of Experimental Botany, 56, 2797, 10.1093/jxb/eri272

Post-Beittenmiller, 1996, Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology, 47, 405, 10.1146/annurev.arplant.47.1.405

Ram�rez, 1992, Biopolymers, 32, 1425, 10.1002/bip.360321102

Reina, 2001, Trends in Plant Science, 6, 296, 10.1016/S1360-1385(01)02012-X

Reynhardt, 1994, European Biophysics Journal, 23, 59, 10.1007/BF00192206

Richardson, 2005, Planta, 222, 472, 10.1007/s00425-005-1552-2

Riedel, 2003, Planta, 218, 87, 10.1007/s00425-003-1075-7

Riederer, 1988, Planta, 174, 127, 10.1007/BF00394885

Riederer, 2001, Journal of Experimental Botany, 52, 2023, 10.1093/jexbot/52.363.2023

Round, 2000, Biophysical Journal, 79, 2761, 10.1016/S0006-3495(00)76515-5

Schouten, 1998, Phytochemistry, 49, 987, 10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00942-4

Schreiber, 2005, Annals of Botany, 95, 1069, 10.1093/aob/mci122

Schreiber, 1997, European Biophysics Journal with Biophysics Letters, 26, 371, 10.1007/s002490050091

Shepherd, 1995, Phytochemistry, 40, 407, 10.1016/0031-9422(95)00281-B

Stark, 2000, Solid State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, 16, 37, 10.1016/S0926-2040(00)00052-7

Stevens, 1994, Phytochemistry, 36, 341, 10.1016/S0031-9422(00)97072-9

Suh, 2005, Plant Physiology, 139, 1649, 10.1104/pp.105.070805

Sun, 2005, Langmuir, 21, 8978, 10.1021/la050316q

Thair, 1975, Canadian Journal of Botany, 53, 1063, 10.1139/b75-124

Thompson, 2001, Journal of Experimental Botany, 52, 1291, 10.1093/jexbot/52.359.1291

Thompson, 1998, Plant, Cell & Environment, 21, 589, 10.1046/j.1365-3040.1998.00308.x

Tulloch, 1973, Phytochemistry, 12, 2225, 10.1016/0031-9422(73)85124-6

Tulloch, 1974, Phytochemistry, 13, 2535, 10.1016/S0031-9422(00)86932-0

Tulloch, 1980, Canadian Journal of Botany, 58, 2602, 10.1139/b80-302

Turunen, 1990, Journal of Environmental Quality, 19, 35, 10.2134/jeq1990.00472425001900010003x

Villena, 1999, Planta, 208, 181, 10.1007/s004250050548

Villena, 2000, Journal of Plant Physiology, 156, 419, 10.1016/S0176-1617(00)80083-8

von Wettstein-Knowles, 1974, Journal of Ultrastructure Research, 46, 483, 10.1016/S0022-5320(74)90069-0

Wagner, 1996, Acta Zoologica, 77, 213, 10.1111/j.1463-6395.1996.tb01265.x

Wagner, 2003, Journal of Experimental Botany, 54, 1295, 10.1093/jxb/erg127

Whitecross, 1972, Australian Journal of Botany, 20, 87, 10.1071/BT9720087

Whitesides, 1991, Science, 254, 1312, 10.1126/science.1962191

Wiedemann, 1998, Botanica Acta, 111, 28, 10.1111/j.1438-8677.1998.tb00673.x

Wollenweber, 2000, Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 28, 751, 10.1016/S0305-1978(99)00118-0

Wolter, 1988, Angewandte Botanik, 62, 53

Xiao, 2004, EMBO Journal, 23, 2903, 10.1038/sj.emboj.7600290

Xie, 2004, Advanced Materials, 16, 302, 10.1002/adma.200306281

Yephremov, 2005, Plant Biosystems, 139, 74, 10.1080/11263500500059835

Zhang, 2003, Nature Biotechnology, 21, 1171, 10.1038/nbt874

Thông tin
Thông tin xuất bản

Functional Plant Biology

Tập 33 Số 10

893

Thông tin tác giả