Pigmenting Efficacy of Several Oxycarotenoids on Egg Yolk

Fletcher, 1985, Utilization and yolk coloring capability of dietary xanthophylls from yellow corn, corn gluten meal, alfalfa, and coastal bermudagrass, Poultry Sci., 64, 1458, 10.3382/ps.0641458

Quackenbush, 1970, Vitamins and other nutrients: Analysis for carotenes and xanthophylls in dried plant materials, J. Assn. Offic. Anal. Chem., 53, 181

Marusich, 1981, Oxycarotenoids in poultry feeds, 319

Karunajeewa, 1984, A review of factors influencing pigmentation of egg yolks, World's Poultry Sci. J., 40, 52, 10.1079/WPS19840006

Couch, 1971, The effect of adding canthaxanthin and beta-apo-8′-carotenal to laying diets containing yellow corn and alfalfa on egg yolk pigmentation, Br. Poultry Sci., 12, 49, 10.1080/00071667108415853

Wagstaff, 1984, Red and yellow carotenoids provide superior egg yolk skin pigmentation, Feedstuffs, 56, 20

Fry, 1974, Reflectance colorimetric evaluation of egg yolk pigmentation, J. Food Sci., 39, 508, 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1974.tb02935.x

Minolta, 1994

Vuilleumier, 1969, The Roche yolk colour fan – An instrument for measuring yolk colour, Poultry Sci., 48, 767, 10.3382/ps.0480767

Isabrown chicks were incubated, hatched, and reared at Coren, S.C.L. poultry operation at Orense, Spain. They were fed on a wheat-soybean meal diet without pigments from 46 to 55 wk of age. At this time, 60 hens were placed at Coren experimental farm in Orense, Spain, and another 60 hens were transported to the experimental farm of Etsia, Madrid, Spain. Both facilities were environmentally controlled, had a three-tier battery system, and maintained the hens at 22±2°C and 16 hr of light daily. The 48 hens that produced the most eggs at each site during the pre-experimental period were selected for the trial.

Fundación Española para el Desarrollo de la Nutrición Animal, 1994

Beta-apo-8′-carotenoic acid ethyl ester, a synthetic pigment (trade name Carophyll Yellow) with 100 g/kg of total xanthophylls supplied by Roche Vitaminas, S.A., Madrid, Spain.

100% saponified extract with 20 g/kg of total xanthophylls of the Aztec marigold (Tagetes erecta) with 80% translutein and 4.5% transzeaxanthin content.

100% saponified extract with 10 g/kg of total xanthophylls of the Aztec marigold (Tagetes erecta) with 60% translutein and 25% transzeaxanthin content obtained by isomerization.

Canthaxanthin, a synthetic pigment (trade name Carophyll Red) with 100 g/kg of total xanthophylls supplied by Roche Vitaminas, S.A., Madrid, Spain.

Saponified extract containing originally 30 g/kg of total xanthophylls from waste red pepper of Spanish origin (Capsicum annuum). The concentrate was obtained at the chemical lab of the University of Madrid by removing the unwanted fraction (criptoxanthin, anteraxanthin) and refining the oleoresin to eliminate carotenes, gums, and fatty acids. The concentrate was then emulsified in water. The xanthophylls present in the final product were by analysis 65% red (capsanthin and capsorubin) and 35% yellow (lutein, zeaxanthin, and beta-carotene).

Mateos, 1991, Factores que influyen en la calidad del huevo, 227

Manz, 1983

Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 1995

Marusich, 1960, Evaluation of carotenoid pigments for coloring egg yolks, Poultry Sci., 39, 1338, 10.3382/ps.0391338

Holgheimer, 1988, Pigmentation of egg yolk with avorophyll, Br. Poultry Sci., 29, 75, 10.1080/00071668808417028

Visual color was scored by two independent trained observers at each location, as an indirect indicator of yolk carotenoid deposition. To improve accuracy, the yolk was separated from the white and placed on horizontal surface provided with a white background in a north-facing light at approximately 12:00 noon before comparing it with the fan blades.

The egg yolk was separated and poured into a clean 60 × 15 mm Petri dish. A glass lid was placed flush against the yolk surface to prevent air pockets. A Minolta CR-300 Chroma Meter was used. The tip of the colorimeter measuring head was placed flat against the surface of the Petri dish, and yolk reflective color was determined from the average of three consecutive pulses from the optical chamber of the Chroma Meter.

C.I.E., 1978

SAS Institute, 1990, I and II

Couch, 1971, Evaluation of beta-apo-8′-carotenal as an egg yolk pigmenter, Br. Poultry Sci., 12, 87, 10.1080/00071667108415856