Inflammatory cytokines stimulate the chemokines CCL2/MCP-1 and CCL7/MCP-7 through NFκB and MAPK dependent pathways in rat astrocytes

Ahmed, R.A., Murao, K., Imachi, H., Yoshida, K., Dobashi, H., Hosomi, N., Ishida, T., 2009. c-Jun N-terminal kinases inhibitor suppresses the TNF-alpha induced MCP-1 expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Endocrine 35, 184–188. Akama, 1998, Amyloid beta-peptide stimulates nitric oxide production in astrocytes through an NFkappaB-dependent mechanism, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 95, 5795, 10.1073/pnas.95.10.5795 Allen, 2007, Chemokine: receptor structure, interactions, and antagonism, Annu. Rev. Immunol., 25, 787, 10.1146/annurev.immunol.24.021605.090529 Asensio, 1997, Chemokine gene expression in the brains of mice with lymphocytic choriomeningitis, J. Virol., 71, 7832, 10.1128/JVI.71.10.7832-7840.1997 Babcock, 2003, Chemokine expression by glial cells directs leukocytes to sites of axonal injury in the CNS, J. Neurosci., 23, 7922, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-21-07922.2003 Baron, 2005, Production of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Muscle Nerve, 32, 541, 10.1002/mus.20376 Basu, 2004, Interleukin-1: a master regulator of neuroinflammation, J. Neurosci. Res., 78, 151, 10.1002/jnr.20266 Baud, 2001, Signal transduction by tumor necrosis factor and its relatives, Trends Cell Biol., 11, 372, 10.1016/S0962-8924(01)02064-5 Bian, 2001, Activation of p38, ERK1/2 and NIK pathways is required for IL-1beta and TNF-alpha-induced chemokine expression in human retinal pigment epithelial cells, Exp. Eye Res., 73, 111, 10.1006/exer.2001.1019 Boutin, 2003, The expanding interleukin-1 family and its receptors: do alternative IL-1 receptor/signaling pathways exist in the brain?, Mol. Neurobiol., 27, 239, 10.1385/MN:27:3:239 Carpentier, 2004, Differential activation of astrocytes by innate and adaptive immune stimuli, Glia, 49, 360, 10.1002/glia.20117 Carter, 1999, The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase is required for NF-kappaB-dependent gene expression. The role of TATA-binding protein (TBP), J. Biol. Chem., 274, 30858, 10.1074/jbc.274.43.30858 Chen, 2004, Dual regulation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced CCL2/monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression in vascular smooth muscle cells by nuclear factor-kappaB and activator protein-1: modulation by type III phosphodiesterase inhibition, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 309, 978, 10.1124/jpet.103.062620 Cuaz-Pérolin, 2008, Antiinflammatory and antiatherogenic effects of the NF-kappaB inhibitor acetyl-11-keto-beta-boswellic acid in LPS-challenged ApoE−/− mice, Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 28, 272, 10.1161/ATVBAHA.107.155606 Daly, 2003, Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (CCL2) in inflammatory disease and adaptive immunity: therapeutic opportunities and controversies, Microcirculation, 10, 247, 10.1080/mic.10.3-4.247.257 De Keulenaer, 2000, Convergence of redox-sensitive and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways in tumor necrosis factor-alpha-mediated monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 induction in vascular smooth muscle cells, Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 20, 385, 10.1161/01.ATV.20.2.385 Dong, 2001, Immune function of astrocytes, Glia, 36, 180, 10.1002/glia.1107 Farina, 2007, Astrocytes are active players in cerebral innate immunity, Trends Immunol., 28, 138, 10.1016/j.it.2007.01.005 Fuller, 2008, MFG-E8 regulates microglial phagocytosis of apoptotic neurons, J. Neuroimmune Pharmacol., 3, 246, 10.1007/s11481-008-9118-2 Ghosh, 2008, New regulators of NF-kappaB in inflammation, Nat. Rev. Immunol., 8, 837, 10.1038/nri2423 Glabinski, 1996, Chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 is expressed by astrocytes after mechanical injury to the brain, J. Immunol., 156, 4363, 10.4049/jimmunol.156.11.4363 Godiska, 1995, Chemokine expression in murine experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, J. Neuroimmunol., 58, 167, 10.1016/0165-5728(95)00008-P Goebeler, 1999, The MKK6/p38 stress kinase cascade is critical for tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced expression of monocyte-chemoattractant protein-1 in endothelial cells, Blood, 93, 857, 10.1182/blood.V93.3.857 Gosselin, 2007, Role of IL-1 and TNF in the brain: twenty years of progress on a Dr. Jekyll/Mr. Hyde duality of the innate immune system, Brain Behav. Immun., 21, 281, 10.1016/j.bbi.2006.12.004 Gourmala, 1997, Differential and time-dependent expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 mRNA by astrocytes and macrophages in rat brain: effects of ischemia and peripheral lipopolysaccharide administration, J. Neuroimmunol., 74, 35, 10.1016/S0165-5728(96)00203-2 Grund, 2008, Tumor necrosis factor-alpha regulates inflammatory and mesenchymal responses via mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase, p38, and nuclear factor kappaB in human endometriotic epithelial cells, Mol. Pharmacol., 73, 1394, 10.1124/mol.107.042176 Hayden, 2008, Shared principles in NF-kappaB signaling, Cell, 132, 344, 10.1016/j.cell.2008.01.020 Holzberg, 2003, Disruption of the c-JUN–JNK complex by a cell-permeable peptide containing the c-JUN delta domain induces apoptosis and affects a distinct set of interleukin-1-induced inflammatory genes, J. Biol. Chem., 278, 40213, 10.1074/jbc.M304058200 Hu, 1996, S100 beta stimulates inducible nitric oxide synthase activity and mRNA levels in rat cortical astrocytes, J. Biol. Chem., 271, 2543, 10.1074/jbc.271.5.2543 Ito, 2006, Amyloid-beta peptides induce several chemokine mRNA expressions in the primary microglia and Ra2 cell line via the PI3K/Akt and/or ERK pathway, Neurosci. Res., 56, 294, 10.1016/j.neures.2006.07.009 Jiao, 2009, Obesity-related upregulation of monocyte chemotactic factors in adipocytes: involvement of NF-{kappa} B and JNK pathways, Diabetes, 58, 104, 10.2337/db07-1344 Lane, 1998, Dynamic regulation of alpha- and beta-chemokine expression in the central nervous system during mouse hepatitis virus-induced demyelinating disease, J. Immunol., 160, 970, 10.4049/jimmunol.160.2.970 Levinson, 1991, Astroglia in culture, 309 Ley, 2007, Getting to the site of inflammation: the leukocyte adhesion cascade updated, Nat. Rev. Immunol., 7, 678, 10.1038/nri2156 Martin, 1997, Cytokine induction of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 gene expression in human endothelial cells depends on the cooperative action of NF-kappa B and AP-1, Eur. J. Immunol., 27, 1091, 10.1002/eji.1830270508 McCoy, 2008, TNF signaling inhibition in the CNS: implications for normal brain function and neurodegenerative disease, J. Neuroinflammation, 5 McManus, 1998, MCP-1, MCP-2 and MCP-3 expression in multiple sclerosis lesions: an immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization study, J. Neuroimmunol., 86, 20, 10.1016/S0165-5728(98)00002-2 Menten, 2001, Monocyte chemotactic protein-3, Eur. Cytokine Netw., 12, 554 O'neill, 2006, Targeting signal transduction as a strategy to treat inflammatory diseases, Nat. Rev. Drug Discov., 5, 549, 10.1038/nrd2070 Palma, 2004, The scope and activation mechanisms of chemokine gene expression in primary astrocytes following infection with Theiler's virus, J. Neuroimmunol., 149, 121, 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2003.12.025 Ping, 1999, trans-Retinoic acid blocks platelet-derived growth factor-BB-induced expression of the murine monocyte chemoattractant-1 gene by blocking the assembly of a promoter proximal Sp1 binding site, J. Biol. Chem., 274, 31909, 10.1074/jbc.274.45.31909 Polentarutti, 1997, Expression of monocyte chemotactic protein-3 in human monocytes and endothelial cells, Eur. Cytokine Netw., 8, 271 Proost, 1996, Human monocyte chemotactic proteins-2 and -3: structural and functional comparison with MCP-1, J. Leukoc. Biol., 59, 67, 10.1002/jlb.59.1.67 Ransohoff, 1993, Astrocyte expression of mRNA encoding cytokines IP-10 and JE/MCP-1 in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, FASEB J., 7, 592, 10.1096/fasebj.7.6.8472896 Rovin, 1999, The mitogen-activated protein kinase p38 is necessary for interleukin 1beta-induced monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 expression by human mesangial cells, Cytokine, 11, 118, 10.1006/cyto.1998.0409 Saccani, 2002, p38-Dependent marking of inflammatory genes for increased NF-kappa B recruitment, Nat. Immunol., 3, 69, 10.1038/ni748 Sasseville, 1996, Chemokine expression in simian immunodeficiency virus-induced AIDS encephalitis, Am. J. Pathol., 149, 1459 Saura, 2007, Microglial cells in astroglial cultures: a cautionary note, J. Neuroinflammation, 4, 26, 10.1186/1742-2094-4-26 Serbina, 2008, Monocyte-mediated defense against microbial pathogens, Annu. Rev. Immunol., 26, 421, 10.1146/annurev.immunol.26.021607.090326 Sheng, 2005, TNF-alpha-induced chemokine production and apoptosis in human neural precursor cells, J. Leukoc. Biol., 78, 1233, 10.1189/jlb.0405221 Simpson, 1998, Expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and other beta-chemokines by resident glia and inflammatory cells in multiple sclerosis lesions, J. Neuroimmunol., 84, 238, 10.1016/S0165-5728(97)00208-7 Sokolova, A., Hill, M.D., Rahimi, F., Warden, L.A., Halliday, G.M., Shepherd, C.E., 2009. Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 Plays a Dominant Role in the Chronic Inflammation Observed in Alzheimer's Disease. Brain Pathol. 19, 392–398. Teferedegne, 2006, Mechanism of action of a distal NF-kappaB-dependent enhancer, Mol. Cell Biol., 26, 5759, 10.1128/MCB.00271-06 Thiefes, 2005, Simultaneous blockade of NFkappaB, JNK, and p38 MAPK by a kinase-inactive mutant of the protein kinase TAK1 sensitizes cells to apoptosis and affects a distinct spectrum of tumor necrosis factor target genes, J. Biol. Chem., 280, 27728, 10.1074/jbc.M411657200 Uddin, 2005, Monocyte–astrocyte networks and the regulation of chemokine secretion in neurocysticercosis, J. Immunol., 175, 3273, 10.4049/jimmunol.175.5.3273 Ueda, 1994, NF-kappa B and Sp1 regulate transcription of the human monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 gene, J. Immunol., 153, 2052, 10.4049/jimmunol.153.5.2052 Wang, 1999, Molecular cloning and expression of the rat monocyte chemotactic protein-3 gene: a possible role in stroke. Brain Res, Mol. Brain Res., 71, 304, 10.1016/S0169-328X(99)00203-X Wong, 2006, Molecular mechanisms for the release of chemokines from human leukemic mast cell line (HMC)-1 cells activated by SCF and TNF-alpha: roles of ERK, p38 MAPK, and NF-kappaB, Allergy, 61, 289, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2006.00972.x Wuyts, 2003, Involvement of p38 MAPK, JNK, p42/p44 ERK and NF-kappaB in IL-1beta-induced chemokine release in human airway smooth muscle cells, Respir. med., 97, 811, 10.1016/S0954-6111(03)00036-2