Gut Microbiota and Lifestyle Interventions in NAFLD
Tóm tắt
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Anstee, 2011, How big a problem is non-alcoholic fatty liver disease?, BMJ, 343, d3897, 10.1136/bmj.d3897
Elinav, 2012, Inflammasome-mediated dysbiosis regulates progression of NAFLD and obesity, Nature, 482, 179, 10.1038/nature10809
Day, 2008, Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: The mist gradually clears, J. Hepatol., 48, S104, 10.1016/j.jhep.2008.01.009
Ratziu, 2012, A phase 2, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of GS-9450 in subjects with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, Hepatology, 55, 419, 10.1002/hep.24747
Anstee, 2013, Progression of NAFLD to diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease or cirrhosis, Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol., 10, 330, 10.1038/nrgastro.2013.41
Boursier, J., Mueller, O., Barret, M., Machado, M., Fizanne, L., Araujo-Perez, F., Guy, C.D., Seed, P.C., Rawls, J.F., and David, L.A. The Severity of NAFLD Is Associated with Gut Dysbiosis and Shift in the Metabolic Function of the Gut Microbiota. Available online: http://www.mdlinx.com/gastroenterology/medical-news-article/2015/11/30/nafld-metabolic-function/6431385/.
Quigley, 2010, The role of the gut microbiota in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol., 7, 691, 10.1038/nrgastro.2010.172
Ley, 2006, Ecological and evolutionary forces shaping microbial diversity in the human intestine, Cell, 124, 837, 10.1016/j.cell.2006.02.017
Ley, 2006, Microbial ecology: Human gut microbes associated with obesity, Nature, 444, 1022, 10.1038/4441022a
Whitman, 1998, Prokaryotes: The unseen majority, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 95, 6578, 10.1073/pnas.95.12.6578
Hoefert, 1921, Bacteria findings in duodenal juice of healthy and sick, Zschr. Klin. Med., 92, 221
Caballero, 2010, Specific contribution of methionine and choline in nutritional nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: Impact on mitochondrial S-adenosyl-l-methionine and glutathione, J. Biol. Chem., 285, 18528, 10.1074/jbc.M109.099333
Claesson, 2011, Composition, variability, and temporal stability of the intestinal microbiota of the elderly, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 108, 4586, 10.1073/pnas.1000097107
Clemente, 2012, The impact of the gut microbiota on human health: An integrative view, Cell, 148, 1258, 10.1016/j.cell.2012.01.035
Faith, 2013, The long-term stability of the human gut microbiota, Science, 341, 1237439, 10.1126/science.1237439
Holzapfel, 1998, Overview of gut flora and probiotics, Int. J. Food Microbiol., 41, 85, 10.1016/S0168-1605(98)00044-0
Sommer, 2013, The gut microbiota—Masters of host development and physiology, Nat. Rev. Microbiol., 11, 227, 10.1038/nrmicro2974
Hooper, 2001, Commensal host-bacterial relationships in the gut, Science, 292, 1115, 10.1126/science.1058709
Stewart, C.J., Marrs, E.C., Nelson, A., Lanyon, C., Perry, J.D., Embleton, N.D., Cummings, S.P., and Berrington, J.E. (2013). Development of the preterm gut microbiome in twins at risk of necrotising enterocolitis and sepsis. PLoS ONE, 8.
Stewart, 2005, Investigations into the influence of host genetics on the predominant eubacteria in the faecal microflora of children, J. Med. Microbiol., 54, 1239, 10.1099/jmm.0.46189-0
Qin, 2010, A human gut microbial gene catalogue established by metagenomic sequencing, Nature, 464, 59, 10.1038/nature08821
Round, 2009, The gut microbiota shapes intestinal immune responses during health and disease, Nat. Rev. Immunol., 9, 313, 10.1038/nri2515
DuPont, 2011, The intestinal microbiota and chronic disorders of the gut, Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol., 8, 523, 10.1038/nrgastro.2011.133
Russell, 2013, The gut microbial metabolome: Modulation of cancer risk in obese individuals, Proc. Nutr. Soc., 72, 178, 10.1017/S0029665112002881
Vrieze, 2012, Transfer of intestinal microbiota from lean donors increases insulin sensitivity in individuals with metabolic syndrome, Gastroenterology, 143, 913, 10.1053/j.gastro.2012.06.031
Hardy, 2015, Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: New treatments, Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol., 31, 175, 10.1097/MOG.0000000000000175
Taylor, 2008, Pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes: Tracing the reverse route from cure to cause, Diabetologia, 51, 1781, 10.1007/s00125-008-1116-7
Thoma, 2012, Lifestyle interventions for the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in adults: A systematic review, J. Hepatol., 56, 255, 10.1016/j.jhep.2011.06.010
Friedman, 2015, Weight loss via lifestyle modification significantly reduces features of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, Gastroenterology, 149, 367, 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.04.005
Promrat, 2010, Randomized controlled trial testing the effects of weight loss on nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, Hepatology, 51, 121, 10.1002/hep.23276
Dudekula, A., Rachakonda, V., Shaik, B., and Behari, J. (2014). Weight loss in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease patients in an ambulatory care setting is largely unsuccessful but correlates with frequency of clinic visits. PLoS ONE, 9.
Yamada, 2015, Successfully achieving target weight loss influences subsequent maintenance of lower weight and dropout from treatment, Obesity, 23, 183, 10.1002/oby.20874
Bacchi, E., and Moghetti, P. (2013). Exercise for hepatic fat accumulation in type 2 diabetic subjects. Int. J. Endocrinol., 2013.
Boursier, J., and Diehl, A.M. (2015). Implication of gut microbiota in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. PLoS Pathog., 11.
Cani, 2014, When specific gut microbes reveal a possible link between hepatic steatosis and adipose tissue, J. Hepatol., 61, 5, 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.04.006
Farhadi, 2008, Susceptibility to gut leakiness: A possible mechanism for endotoxaemia in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, Liver Int., 28, 1026, 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2008.01723.x
Llopis, 2013, Intestinal microbiota determines development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in mice, Gut, 62, 1787, 10.1136/gutjnl-2012-303816
Mouzaki, 2013, Intestinal microbiota in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, Hepatology, 58, 120, 10.1002/hep.26319
Wigg, 2001, The role of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, intestinal permeability, endotoxaemia, and tumour necrosis factor α in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, Gut, 48, 206, 10.1136/gut.48.2.206
Zhu, 2013, Characterization of gut microbiomes in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) patients: A connection between endogenous alcohol and NASH, Hepatology, 57, 601, 10.1002/hep.26093
Cani, 2012, Involvement of gut microbiota in the development of low-grade inflammation and type 2 diabetes associated with obesity, Gut Microbes, 3, 279, 10.4161/gmic.19625
Kirsch, 2006, Rodent nutritional model of steatohepatitis: Effects of endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide) and tumor necrosis factor α deficiency, J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol., 21, 174, 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2005.04220.x
Nolan, 1989, Intestinal endotoxins as mediators of hepatic injury—An idea whose time has come again, Hepatology, 10, 887, 10.1002/hep.1840100523
Trenell, 2015, Sedentary behaviour, physical activity, and NAFLD: Curse of the chair, J. Hepatol., 63, 1064, 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.08.009
Hallsworth, 2011, Resistance exercise reduces liver fat and its mediators in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease independent of weight loss, Gut, 60, 1278, 10.1136/gut.2011.242073
Hickman, I.J., Byrne, N.M., Croci, I., Chachay, V.S., Clouston, A.D., Hills, A.P., Bugianesi, B., Whitehead, J.P., Gastaldelli, A., and O’Moore-Sullivan, T.M. (2013). Randomised study of the metabolic and histological effects of exercise in non alcoholic steatohepatitis. J. Diabetes Metab., 4.
Johnson, 2009, Aerobic exercise training reduces hepatic and visceral lipids in obese individuals without weight loss, Hepatology, 50, 1105, 10.1002/hep.23129
Kirk, 2009, Dietary fat and carbohydrates differentially alter insulin sensitivity during caloric restriction, Gastroenterology, 136, 1552, 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.01.048
Viljanen, 2009, Effect of weight loss on liver free fatty acid uptake and hepatic insulin resistance, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 94, 50, 10.1210/jc.2008-1689
Wong, 2013, Community-based lifestyle modification programme for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A randomized controlled trial, J. Hepatol., 59, 536, 10.1016/j.jhep.2013.04.013
Lazo, 2010, Effect of a 12-month intensive lifestyle intervention on hepatic steatosis in adults with type 2 diabetes, Diabetes Care, 33, 2156, 10.2337/dc10-0856
Oza, 2009, A pilot trial of body weight reduction for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease with a home-based lifestyle modification intervention delivered in collaboration with interdisciplinary medical staff, J. Gastroenterol., 44, 1203, 10.1007/s00535-009-0115-x
Lim, 2010, The role of fructose in the pathogenesis of NAFLD and the metabolic syndrome, Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol., 7, 251, 10.1038/nrgastro.2010.41
Costello, 2009, Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time, Science, 326, 1694, 10.1126/science.1177486
Zoetendal, 1998, Temperature gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of 16s rrna from human fecal samples reveals stable and host-specific communities of active bacteria, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 64, 3854, 10.1128/AEM.64.10.3854-3859.1998
Sacks, 2009, Comparison of weight-loss diets with different compositions of fat, protein, and carbohydrates, N. Engl. J. Med., 360, 859, 10.1056/NEJMoa0804748
Weinsier, 1998, The etiology of obesity: Relative contribution of metabolic factors, diet, and physical activity, Am. J. Med., 105, 145, 10.1016/S0002-9343(98)00190-9
Karlsson, 2013, Assessing the human gut microbiota in metabolic diseases, Diabetes, 62, 3341, 10.2337/db13-0844
Ley, 2005, Obesity alters gut microbial ecology, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 102, 11070, 10.1073/pnas.0504978102
Walker, 2011, Dominant and diet-responsive groups of bacteria within the human colonic microbiota, ISME J., 5, 220, 10.1038/ismej.2010.118
Saghizadeh, 1996, The expression of TNF α by human muscle. Relationship to insulin resistance, J. Clin. Investig., 97, 1111, 10.1172/JCI118504
Scott, 2013, The influence of diet on the gut microbiota, Pharmacol. Res., 69, 52, 10.1016/j.phrs.2012.10.020
Spencer, 2011, Association between composition of the human gastrointestinal microbiome and development of fatty liver with choline deficiency, Gastroenterology, 140, 976, 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.11.049
Turnbaugh, 2009, The effect of diet on the human gut microbiome: A metagenomic analysis in humanized gnotobiotic mice, Sci. Transl. Med., 1, 6ra14, 10.1126/scitranslmed.3000322
Cavalieri, 2010, Impact of diet in shaping gut microbiota revealed by a comparative study in children from europe and rural africa, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 107, 14691, 10.1073/pnas.1005963107
Gibson, 1995, Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: Introducing the concept of prebiotics, J. Nutr., 125, 1401, 10.1093/jn/125.6.1401
Day, 1998, Steatohepatitis: A tale of two “hits”?, Gastroenterology, 114, 842, 10.1016/S0016-5085(98)70599-2
Musso, 2003, Dietary habits and their relations to insulin resistance and postprandial lipemia in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, Hepatology, 37, 909, 10.1053/jhep.2003.50132
Toshimitsu, 2007, Dietary habits and nutrient intake in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, Nutrition, 23, 46, 10.1016/j.nut.2006.09.004
Donnelly, 2005, Sources of fatty acids stored in liver and secreted via lipoproteins in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, J. Clin. Investig., 115, 1343, 10.1172/JCI23621
Westerbacka, 2005, Dietary fat content modifies liver fat in overweight nondiabetic subjects, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 90, 2804, 10.1210/jc.2004-1983
Schaart, 2011, Three weeks on a high-fat diet increases intrahepatic lipid accumulation and decreases metabolic flexibility in healthy overweight men, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 96, E691, 10.1210/jc.2010-2243
Marina, 2014, Effects of dietary fat and saturated fat content on liver fat and markers of oxidative stress in overweight/obese men and women under weight-stable conditions, Nutrients, 6, 4678, 10.3390/nu6114678
Utzschneider, 2013, Beneficial effect of a weight-stable, low-fat/low-saturated fat/low-glycaemic index diet to reduce liver fat in older subjects, Br. J. Nutr., 109, 1096, 10.1017/S0007114512002966
Delarue, 2016, Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Roles of the gut and the liver and metabolic modulation by some dietary factors and especially long-chain n-3 PUFA, Mol. Nutr. Food Res., 60, 147, 10.1002/mnfr.201500346
Tilg, 2008, Insulin resistance, inflammation, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, Trends Endocrinol. Metab., 19, 371, 10.1016/j.tem.2008.08.005
Cani, 2007, Metabolic endotoxemia initiates obesity and insulin resistance, Diabetes, 56, 1761, 10.2337/db06-1491
Turnbaugh, 2006, An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest, Nature, 444, 1027, 10.1038/nature05414
Cani, 2007, Selective increases of bifidobacteria in gut microflora improve high-fat-diet-induced diabetes in mice through a mechanism associated with endotoxaemia, Diabetologia, 50, 2374, 10.1007/s00125-007-0791-0
Hildebrandt, 2009, High-fat diet determines the composition of the murine gut microbiome independently of obesity, Gastroenterology, 137, 1716, 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.08.042
Murphy, 2010, Composition and energy harvesting capacity of the gut microbiota: Relationship to diet, obesity and time in mouse models, Gut, 59, 1635, 10.1136/gut.2010.215665
Turnbaugh, 2008, Diet-induced obesity is linked to marked but reversible alterations in the mouse distal gut microbiome, Cell Host Microbe, 3, 213, 10.1016/j.chom.2008.02.015
Ghanim, 2009, Increase in plasma endotoxin concentrations and the expression of toll-like receptors and suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 in mononuclear cells after a high-fat, high-carbohydrate meal: Implications for insulin resistance, Diabetes Care, 32, 2281, 10.2337/dc09-0979
Pendyala, 2012, A high-fat diet is associated with endotoxemia that originates from the gut, Gastroenterology, 142, 1100, 10.1053/j.gastro.2012.01.034
Pussinen, 2011, Endotoxemia is associated with an increased risk of incident diabetes, Diabetes Care, 34, 392, 10.2337/dc10-1676
Amar, 2011, Intestinal mucosal adherence and translocation of commensal bacteria at the early onset of type 2 diabetes: Molecular mechanisms and probiotic treatment, EMBO Mol. Med., 3, 559, 10.1002/emmm.201100159
Caesar, 2015, Crosstalk between gut microbiota and dietary lipids aggravates wat inflammation through TLR signaling, Cell Metab., 22, 658, 10.1016/j.cmet.2015.07.026
Su, 2012, Intestinal immune barrier integrity in rats with nonalcoholic hepatic steatosis and steatohepatitis, Chin. Med. J., 125, 306
Tilg, 2010, Evolution of inflammation in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: The multiple parallel hits hypothesis, Hepatology, 52, 1836, 10.1002/hep.24001
Corbin, 2012, Choline metabolism provides novel insights into nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and its progression, Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol., 28, 159, 10.1097/MOG.0b013e32834e7b4b
Jiang, 2005, Phospholipid transfer protein deficiency impairs apolipoprotein-b secretion from hepatocytes by stimulating a proteolytic pathway through a relative deficiency of vitamin e and an increase in intracellular oxidants, J. Biol. Chem., 280, 18336, 10.1074/jbc.M500007200
Dumas, 2006, Metabolic profiling reveals a contribution of gut microbiota to fatty liver phenotype in insulin-resistant mice, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 103, 12511, 10.1073/pnas.0601056103
Fukiya, 2009, Conversion of cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid into their 7-oxo derivatives by bacteroides intestinalis AM-1 isolated from human feces, FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 293, 263, 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2009.01531.x
Islam, 2011, Bile acid is a host factor that regulates the composition of the cecal microbiota in rats, Gastroenterology, 141, 1773, 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.07.046
Sayin, 2013, Gut microbiota regulates bile acid metabolism by reducing the levels of tauro-β-muricholic acid, a naturally occurring fxr antagonist, Cell Metab., 17, 225, 10.1016/j.cmet.2013.01.003
Duncan, 2008, Human colonic microbiota associated with diet, obesity and weight loss, Int. J. Obes., 32, 1720, 10.1038/ijo.2008.155
Kankaanpaa, 2001, The influence of polyunsaturated fatty acids on probiotic growth and adhesion, FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 194, 149, 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2001.tb09460.x
Mujico, 2013, Changes in gut microbiota due to supplemented fatty acids in diet-induced obese mice, Br. J. Nutr., 110, 711, 10.1017/S0007114512005612
Bozzetto, 2012, Liver fat is reduced by an isoenergetic MUFA diet in a controlled randomized study in type 2 diabetic patients, Diabetes Care, 35, 1429, 10.2337/dc12-0033
Houghton, 2015, Biological activity of alginate and its effect on pancreatic lipase inhibition as a potential treatment for obesity, Food Hydrocoll., 49, 18, 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2015.02.019
Neyrinck, A.M., Possemiers, S., Druart, C., van de Wiele, T., De Backer, F., Cani, P.D., Larondelle, Y., and Delzenne, N.M. (2011). Prebiotic effects of wheat arabinoxylan related to the increase in Bifidobacteria, Roseburia and Bacteroides/Prevotella in diet-induced obese mice. PLoS ONE, 6.
Neyrinck, 2012, Dietary modulation of Clostridial cluster xiva gut bacteria (Roseburia spp.) by chitin-glucan fiber improves host metabolic alterations induced by high-fat diet in mice, J. Nutr. Biochem., 23, 51, 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2010.10.008
Lopez, 1999, Effects of soluble corn bran arabinoxylans on cecal digestion, lipid metabolism, and mineral balance (Ca, Mg) in rats, J. Nutr. Biochem., 10, 500, 10.1016/S0955-2863(99)00036-4
Wydro, 2007, Chitosan as a lipid binder: A langmuir monolayer study of chitosan-lipid interactions, Biomacromolecules, 8, 2611, 10.1021/bm700453x
Flint, 2012, The role of the gut microbiota in nutrition and health, Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol., 9, 577, 10.1038/nrgastro.2012.156
David, 2014, Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome, Nature, 505, 559, 10.1038/nature12820
Chung, 2014, Fructose, high-fructose corn syrup, sucrose, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease or indexes of liver health: A systematic review and meta-analysis, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 100, 833, 10.3945/ajcn.114.086314
Collison, 2009, Diabetes of the liver: The link between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and HFCS-55, Obesity, 17, 2003, 10.1038/oby.2009.58
Saad, 1998, Physiological insulinemia acutely modulates plasma leptin, Diabetes, 47, 544, 10.2337/diabetes.47.4.544
Goldsmith, 2007, Long term nutritional intake and the risk for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): A population based study, J. Hepatol., 47, 711, 10.1016/j.jhep.2007.06.020
Bergheim, 2008, Antibiotics protect against fructose-induced hepatic lipid accumulation in mice: Role of endotoxin, J. Hepatol., 48, 983, 10.1016/j.jhep.2008.01.035
Spruss, 2009, Toll-like receptor 4 is involved in the development of fructose-induced hepatic steatosis in mice, Hepatology, 50, 1094, 10.1002/hep.23122
Thuy, 2008, Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in humans is associated with increased plasma endotoxin and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 concentrations and with fructose intake, J. Nutr., 138, 1452, 10.1093/jn/138.8.1452
Bizeau, 2005, Hepatic adaptations to sucrose and fructose, Metabolism, 54, 1189, 10.1016/j.metabol.2005.04.004
Pagliassotti, 1996, Changes in insulin action, triglycerides, and lipid composition during sucrose feeding in rats, Am. J. Physiol., 271, R1319
Poulsom, 1986, Morphological changes of organs after sucrose or fructose feeding, Prog. Biochem. Pharmacol., 21, 104
Spruss, 2012, Metformin protects against the development of fructose-induced steatosis in mice: Role of the intestinal barrier function, Lab. Investig., 92, 1020, 10.1038/labinvest.2012.75
Walker, 2005, Ph and peptide supply can radically alter bacterial populations and short-chain fatty acid ratios within microbial communities from the human colon, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 71, 3692, 10.1128/AEM.71.7.3692-3700.2005
Duncan, 2007, Reduced dietary intake of carbohydrates by obese subjects results in decreased concentrations of butyrate and butyrate-producing bacteria in feces, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 73, 1073, 10.1128/AEM.02340-06
Ferrere, G., Leroux, A., Wrzosek, L., Puchois, V., Gaudin, F., Ciocan, D., Renoud, M.L., Naveau, S., Perlemuter, G., and Cassard, A.M. (2016). Activation of kupffer cells is associated with a specific dysbiosis induced by fructose or high fat diet in mice. PLoS ONE, 11.
Pagano, 2002, Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome: Further evidence for an etiologic association, Hepatology, 35, 367, 10.1053/jhep.2002.30690
Vrieze, 2010, The environment within: How gut microbiota may influence metabolism and body composition, Diabetologia, 53, 606, 10.1007/s00125-010-1662-7
Nilsson, 2008, Including indigestible carbohydrates in the evening meal of healthy subjects improves glucose tolerance, lowers inflammatory markers, and increases satiety after a subsequent standardized breakfast, J. Nutr., 138, 732, 10.1093/jn/138.4.732
Parnell, 2009, Weight loss during oligofructose supplementation is associated with decreased ghrelin and increased peptide YY in overweight and obese adults, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 89, 1751, 10.3945/ajcn.2009.27465
Hashidume, 2011, Consumption of soy protein isolate reduces hepatic srebp-1c and lipogenic gene expression in wild-type mice, but not in FXR-deficient mice, Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 75, 1702, 10.1271/bbb.110224
Jakubowicz, 2013, Biochemical and metabolic mechanisms by which dietary whey protein may combat obesity and type 2 diabetes, J. Nutr. Biochem., 24, 1, 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2012.07.008
Faure, 1997, Vitamin e improves the free radical defense system potential and insulin sensitivity of rats fed high fructose diets, J. Nutr., 127, 103, 10.1093/jn/127.1.103
Noguchi, Y., Nishikata, N., Shikata, N., Kimura, Y., Aleman, J.O., Young, J.D., Koyama, N., Kelleher, J.K., Takahashi, M., and Stephanopoulos, G. (2010). Ketogenic essential amino acids modulate lipid synthetic pathways and prevent hepatic steatosis in mice. PLoS ONE, 5.
Pichon, 2006, A high-protein, high-fat, carbohydrate-free diet reduces energy intake, hepatic lipogenesis, and adiposity in rats, J. Nutr., 136, 1256, 10.1093/jn/136.5.1256
Qin, 2004, Cinnamon extract prevents the insulin resistance induced by a high-fructose diet, Horm. Metab. Res., 36, 119, 10.1055/s-2004-814223
Halton, 2004, The effects of high protein diets on thermogenesis, satiety and weight loss: A critical review, J. Am. Coll. Nutr., 23, 373, 10.1080/07315724.2004.10719381
Cummings, J.H. (1997). The Large Intestine in Nutrition and Disease, Danone Institute.
Smith, 1996, Enumeration of human colonic bacteria producing phenolic and indolic compounds: Effects of pH, carbohydrate availability and retention time on dissimilatory aromatic amino acid metabolism, J. Appl. Bacteriol., 81, 288, 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1996.tb04331.x
Smith, 1996, Studies on amine production in the human colon: Enumeration of amine forming bacteria and physiological effects of carbohydrate and pH, Anaerobe, 2, 285, 10.1006/anae.1996.0037
Russell, 2011, High-protein, reduced-carbohydrate weight-loss diets promote metabolite profiles likely to be detrimental to colonic health, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 93, 1062, 10.3945/ajcn.110.002188
Shen, 2010, A comparative in vitro investigation into the effects of cooked meats on the human faecal microbiota, Anaerobe, 16, 572, 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2010.09.007
Gaborit, 2013, Gut microbiota and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: New insights, Clin. Microbiol. Infect., 19, 338, 10.1111/1469-0691.12140
Schnabl, 2014, Interactions between the intestinal microbiome and liver diseases, Gastroenterology, 146, 1513, 10.1053/j.gastro.2014.01.020
Hooda, 2013, The gut microbiome of kittens is affected by dietary protein: Carbohydrate ratio and associated with blood metabolite and hormone concentrations, Br. J. Nutr., 109, 1637, 10.1017/S0007114512003479
Boudry, 2013, Dietary protein excess during neonatal life alters colonic microbiota and mucosal response to inflammatory mediators later in life in female pigs, J. Nutr., 143, 1225, 10.3945/jn.113.175828
Cohen, 1966, Effect of different levels of protein in sucrose and starch diets on lipid synthesis in the rat, Isr. J. Med. Sci., 2, 727
Masoro, 1950, Previous nutritional state and glucose conversion to fatty acids in liver slices, J. Biol. Chem., 185, 845, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)56376-6
Yeh, 1969, Effect of dietary protein on hepatic lipogenesis in the growing chick, J. Nutr., 98, 356, 10.1093/jn/98.3.356
Bortolotti, 2011, Effects of a whey protein supplementation on intrahepatocellular lipids in obese female patients, Clin. Nutr., 30, 494, 10.1016/j.clnu.2011.01.006
Farnsworth, 2003, Effect of a high-protein, energy-restricted diet on body composition, glycemic control, and lipid concentrations in overweight and obese hyperinsulinemic men and women, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 78, 31, 10.1093/ajcn/78.1.31
Jenkins, 2001, High-protein diets in hyperlipidemia: Effect of wheat gluten on serum lipids, uric acid, and renal function, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 74, 57, 10.1093/ajcn/74.1.57
Samaha, 2003, A low-carbohydrate as compared with a low-fat diet in severe obesity, N. Engl. J. Med., 348, 2074, 10.1056/NEJMoa022637
Yang, 2011, Soy protein retards the progression of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis via improvement of insulin resistance and steatosis, Nutrition, 27, 943, 10.1016/j.nut.2010.09.004
Gentile, 2011, Experimental evidence for therapeutic potential of taurine in the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol., 301, R1710, 10.1152/ajpregu.00677.2010
Linn, 1996, Effect of dietary protein intake on insulin secretion and glucose metabolism in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 81, 3938
Linn, 2000, Effect of long-term dietary protein intake on glucose metabolism in humans, Diabetologia, 43, 1257, 10.1007/s001250051521
Delzenne, 2011, Targeting gut microbiota in obesity: Effects of prebiotics and probiotics, Nat. Rev. Endocrinol., 7, 639, 10.1038/nrendo.2011.126
Slavin, 2013, Fiber and prebiotics: Mechanisms and health benefits, Nutrients, 5, 1417, 10.3390/nu5041417
Moschen, 2013, Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: A microbiota-driven disease, Trends Endocrinol. Metab., 24, 537, 10.1016/j.tem.2013.05.009
Cani, 2006, Oligofructose promotes satiety in healthy human: A pilot study, Eur. J. Clin. Nutr., 60, 567, 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602350
Cani, 2006, Improvement of glucose tolerance and hepatic insulin sensitivity by oligofructose requires a functional glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor, Diabetes, 55, 1484, 10.2337/db05-1360
Everard, 2011, Responses of gut microbiota and glucose and lipid metabolism to prebiotics in genetic obese and diet-induced leptin-resistant mice, Diabetes, 60, 2775, 10.2337/db11-0227
Cani, 2004, Inulin-type fructans modulate gastrointestinal peptides involved in appetite regulation (glucagon-like peptide-1 and ghrelin) in rats, Br. J. Nutr., 92, 521, 10.1079/BJN20041225
Sugatani, 2006, Dietary inulin alleviates hepatic steatosis and xenobiotics-induced liver injury in rats fed a high-fat and high-sucrose diet: Association with the suppression of hepatic cytochrome p450 and hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α expression, Drug Metab. Dispos., 34, 1677, 10.1124/dmd.106.010645
Daubioul, 2002, Dietary fructans, but not cellulose, decrease triglyceride accumulation in the liver of obese zucker FA/FA rats, J. Nutr., 132, 967, 10.1093/jn/132.5.967
Fiordaliso, 1995, Dietary oligofructose lowers triglycerides, phospholipids and cholesterol in serum and very low density lipoproteins of rats, Lipids, 30, 163, 10.1007/BF02538270
Parnell, 2010, Effect of prebiotic fibre supplementation on hepatic gene expression and serum lipids: A dose-response study in JCR:LA-cp rats, Br. J. Nutr., 103, 1577, 10.1017/S0007114509993539
Lin, H.V., Frassetto, A., Kowalik, E.J., Nawrocki, A.R., Lu, M.M., Kosinski, J.R., Hubert, J.A., Szeto, D., Yao, X., and Forrest, G. (2012). Butyrate and propionate protect against diet-induced obesity and regulate gut hormones via free fatty acid receptor 3-independent mechanisms. PLoS ONE, 7.
Archer, 2004, Effect of fat replacement by inulin or lupin-kernel fibre on sausage patty acceptability, post-meal perceptions of satiety and food intake in men, Br. J. Nutr., 91, 591, 10.1079/BJN20031088
Dehghan, 2014, Oligofructose-enriched inulin improves some inflammatory markers and metabolic endotoxemia in women with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomized controlled clinical trial, Nutrition, 30, 418, 10.1016/j.nut.2013.09.005
Daubioul, 2005, Effects of oligofructose on glucose and lipid metabolism in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: Results of a pilot study, Eur. J. Clin. Nutr., 59, 723, 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602127
Malaguarnera, 2012, Bifidobacterium longum with fructo-oligosaccharides in patients with non alcoholic steatohepatitis, Dig. Dis. Sci., 57, 545, 10.1007/s10620-011-1887-4
Kellow, 2014, Metabolic benefits of dietary prebiotics in human subjects: A systematic review of randomised controlled trials, Br. J. Nutr., 111, 1147, 10.1017/S0007114513003607
Lecerf, 2012, Xylo-oligosaccharide (XOS) in combination with inulin modulates both the intestinal environment and immune status in healthy subjects, while XOS alone only shows prebiotic properties, Br. J. Nutr., 108, 1847, 10.1017/S0007114511007252
Lomax, 2012, Β2-1 fructans have a bifidogenic effect in healthy middle-aged human subjects but do not alter immune responses examined in the absence of an in vivo immune challenge: Results from a randomised controlled trial, Br. J. Nutr., 108, 1818, 10.1017/S0007114511007276
Vulevic, 2008, Modulation of the fecal microflora profile and immune function by a novel trans-galactooligosaccharide mixture (B-GOS) in healthy elderly volunteers, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 88, 1438, 10.3945/ajcn.2008.26242
Vulevic, 2013, A mixture of trans-galactooligosaccharides reduces markers of metabolic syndrome and modulates the fecal microbiota and immune function of overweight adults, J. Nutr., 143, 324, 10.3945/jn.112.166132
Dewulf, 2013, Insight into the prebiotic concept: Lessons from an exploratory, double blind intervention study with inulin-type fructans in obese women, Gut, 62, 1112, 10.1136/gutjnl-2012-303304
Lirussi, 2007, Probiotics for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and/or steatohepatitis, Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., 1, CD005165
Tarantino, 2015, Systematic review on intervention with prebiotics/probiotics in patients with obesity-related nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, Future Microbiol., 10, 889, 10.2217/fmb.15.13
Solga, 2003, Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Lumen-liver interactions and possible role for probiotics, J. Hepatol., 38, 681, 10.1016/S0168-8278(03)00097-7
Wang, 2012, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG culture supernatant ameliorates acute alcohol-induced intestinal permeability and liver injury, Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol., 303, G32, 10.1152/ajpgi.00024.2012
Spruss, 2009, Dietary fructose and intestinal barrier: Potential risk factor in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, J. Nutr. Biochem., 20, 657, 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2009.05.006
Reid, 2011, Microbiota restoration: Natural and supplemented recovery of human microbial communities, Nat. Rev. Microbiol., 9, 27, 10.1038/nrmicro2473
Li, 2003, Probiotics and antibodies to TNF inhibit inflammatory activity and improve nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, Hepatology, 37, 343, 10.1053/jhep.2003.50048
Paik, 2005, Effects of bacillus polyfermenticus scd on lipid and antioxidant metabolisms in rats fed a high-fat and high-cholesterol diet, Biol. Pharm. Bull., 28, 1270, 10.1248/bpb.28.1270
Yadav, 2008, Oral administration of dahi containing probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus casei delayed the progression of streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats, J. Dairy Res., 75, 189, 10.1017/S0022029908003129
Chen, 2011, Bifidobacterium longum supplementation improved high-fat-fed-induced metabolic syndrome and promoted intestinal reg i gene expression, Exp. Biol. Med., 236, 823, 10.1258/ebm.2011.010399
Lee, 2006, Human originated bacteria, Lactobacillus rhamnosus PL60, produce conjugated linoleic acid and show anti-obesity effects in diet-induced obese mice, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1761, 736, 10.1016/j.bbalip.2006.05.007
Ma, 2008, Probiotics improve high fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance by increasing hepatic nkt cells, J. Hepatol., 49, 821, 10.1016/j.jhep.2008.05.025
Xu, 2012, Supplementation with probiotics modifies gut flora and attenuates liver fat accumulation in rat nonalcoholic fatty liver disease model, J. Clin. Biochem. Nutr., 50, 72, 10.3164/jcbn.11-38
Esposito, 2009, Probiotics reduce the inflammatory response induced by a high-fat diet in the liver of young rats, J. Nutr., 139, 905, 10.3945/jn.108.101808
Velayudham, 2009, VSL#3 probiotic treatment attenuates fibrosis without changes in steatohepatitis in a diet-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis model in mice, Hepatology, 49, 989, 10.1002/hep.22711
Butt, 2008, Probiotic treatment reduces blood glucose levels and increases systemic absorption of gliclazide in diabetic rats, Eur. J. Drug Metab. Pharmacokinet., 33, 101, 10.1007/BF03191026
Cano, 2013, Bifidobacterium cect 7765 improves metabolic and immunological alterations associated with obesity in high-fat diet-fed mice, Obesity, 21, 2310, 10.1002/oby.20330
Eslamparast, 2013, Probiotics and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, Middle East J. Dig. Dis., 5, 129
Moya-Perez, A., Neef, A., and Sanz, Y. (2015). Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum cect 7765 reduces obesity-associated inflammation by restoring the lymphocyte-macrophage balance and gut microbiota structure in high-fat diet-fed mice. PLoS ONE, 10.
Fan, 2005, Effect of lactulose on establishment of a rat non-alcoholic steatohepatitis model, World J. Gastroenterol., 11, 5053, 10.3748/wjg.v11.i32.5053
Kanauchi, 1999, Increased growth of bifidobacterium and eubacterium by germinated barley foodstuff, accompanied by enhanced butyrate production in healthy volunteers, Int. J. Mol. Med., 3, 175
Vajro, 2011, Effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain GG in pediatric obesity-related liver disease, J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr., 52, 740, 10.1097/MPG.0b013e31821f9b85
Kadooka, 2010, Regulation of abdominal adiposity by probiotics (Lactobacillus gasseri SBT2055) in adults with obese tendencies in a randomized controlled trial, Eur. J. Clin. Nutr., 64, 636, 10.1038/ejcn.2010.19
Kadooka, 2013, Effect of Lactobacillus gasseri SBT2055 in fermented milk on abdominal adiposity in adults in a randomised controlled trial, Br. J. Nutr., 110, 1696, 10.1017/S0007114513001037
Osawa, K., Miyoshi, T., Yamauchi, K., Koyama, Y., Nakamura, K., Sato, S., Kanazawa, S., and Ito, H. (2015). Nonalcoholic hepatic steatosis is a strong predictor of high-risk coronary-artery plaques as determined by multidetector ct. PLoS ONE, 10.
Loguercio, 2005, Beneficial effects of a probiotic vsl#3 on parameters of liver dysfunction in chronic liver diseases, J. Clin. Gastroenterol., 39, 540, 10.1097/01.mcg.0000165671.25272.0f
Stadlbauer, 2008, Effect of probiotic treatment on deranged neutrophil function and cytokine responses in patients with compensated alcoholic cirrhosis, J. Hepatol., 48, 945, 10.1016/j.jhep.2008.02.015
Aller, 2011, Effect of a probiotic on liver aminotransferases in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease patients: A double blind randomized clinical trial, Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci., 15, 1090
Loguercio, 2002, Gut-liver axis: A new point of attack to treat chronic liver damage?, Am. J. Gastroenterol., 97, 2144, 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2002.05942.x
Wall, 2012, Contrasting effects of Bifidobacterium breve NCIMB 702258 and Bifidobacterium breve DPC 6330 on the composition of murine brain fatty acids and gut microbiota, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 95, 1278, 10.3945/ajcn.111.026435
Shen, 2009, Meta-analysis: The effect and adverse events of lactobacilli versus placebo in maintenance therapy for crohn disease, Intern. Med. J., 39, 103, 10.1111/j.1445-5994.2008.01791.x
Lionetti, 2010, Role of probiotics in pediatric patients with Helicobacter pylori infection: A comprehensive review of the literature, Helicobacter, 15, 79, 10.1111/j.1523-5378.2009.00743.x
Friedenreich, 2006, Physical activity and risk of colon and rectal cancers: The european prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition, Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev., 15, 2398, 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-06-0595
Warburton, 2006, Health benefits of physical activity: The evidence, CMAJ, 174, 801, 10.1503/cmaj.051351
Marcinko, 2015, High intensity interval training improves liver and adipose tissue insulin sensitivity, Mol. Metab., 4, 903, 10.1016/j.molmet.2015.09.006
Ellingsgaard, 2011, Interleukin-6 enhances insulin secretion by increasing glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion from l cells and α cells, Nat. Med., 17, 1481, 10.1038/nm.2513
Petersen, 2005, The anti-inflammatory effect of exercise, J. Appl. Physiol., 98, 1154, 10.1152/japplphysiol.00164.2004
Clarke, 2014, Exercise and associated dietary extremes impact on gut microbial diversity, Gut, 63, 1913, 10.1136/gutjnl-2013-306541
Lambert, 2015, Exercise training modifies gut microbiota in normal and diabetic mice, Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab., 40, 749, 10.1139/apnm-2014-0452
Petriz, 2014, Exercise induction of gut microbiota modifications in obese, non-obese and hypertensive rats, BMC Genom., 15, 511, 10.1186/1471-2164-15-511
Evans, C.C., LePard, K.J., Kwak, J.W., Stancukas, M.C., Laskowski, S., Dougherty, J., Moulton, L., Glawe, A., Wang, Y., and Leone, V. (2014). Exercise prevents weight gain and alters the gut microbiota in a mouse model of high fat diet-induced obesity. PLoS ONE, 9.
Kang, 2014, Diet and exercise orthogonally alter the gut microbiome and reveal independent associations with anxiety and cognition, Mol. Neurodegener., 9, 36, 10.1186/1750-1326-9-36
Liu, T.W., Park, Y.M., Holscher, H.D., Padilla, J., Scroggins, R.J., Welly, R., Britton, S.L., Koch, L.G., Vieira-Potter, V.J., and Swanson, K.S. (2015). Physical activity differentially affects the cecal microbiota of ovariectomized female rats selectively bred for high and low aerobic capacity. PLoS ONE, 10.
Matsumoto, 2008, Voluntary running exercise alters microbiota composition and increases n-butyrate concentration in the rat cecum, Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 72, 572, 10.1271/bbb.70474
Allen, 2015, Voluntary and forced exercise differentially alters the gut microbiome in C57BL/6J mice, J. Appl. Physiol., 118, 1059, 10.1152/japplphysiol.01077.2014
Choi, 2013, Exercise attenuates PCB-induced changes in the mouse gut microbiome, Environ. Health Perspect., 121, 725, 10.1289/ehp.1306534
Queipo-Ortuno, M.I., Seoane, L.M., Murri, M., Pardo, M., Gomez-Zumaquero, J.M., Cardona, F., Casanueva, F., and Tinahones, F.J. (2013). Gut microbiota composition in male rat models under different nutritional status and physical activity and its association with serum leptin and ghrelin levels. PLoS ONE, 8.
Mika, A., Van Treuren, W., Gonzalez, A., Herrera, J.J., Knight, R., and Fleshner, M. (2015). Exercise is more effective at altering gut microbial composition and producing stable changes in lean mass in juvenile versus adult male F344 rats. PLoS ONE, 10.
Shukla, S.K., Cook, D., Meyer, J., Vernon, S.D., Le, T., Clevidence, D., Robertson, C.E., Schrodi, S.J., Yale, S., and Frank, D.N. (2015). Changes in gut and plasma microbiome following exercise challenge in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS). PLoS ONE, 10.
Cassidy, 2016, High intensity intermittent exercise improves cardiac structure and function and reduces liver fat in patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomised controlled trial, Diabetologia, 59, 56, 10.1007/s00125-015-3741-2
Hallsworth, 2015, Modified high-intensity interval training reduces liver fat and improves cardiac function in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A randomised controlled trial, Clin. Sci., 129, 1097, 10.1042/CS20150308
Schwiertz, 2010, Microbiota and SCFA in lean and overweight healthy subjects, Obesity, 18, 190, 10.1038/oby.2009.167
Meissner, 2011, Voluntary wheel running increases bile acid as well as cholesterol excretion and decreases atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic mice, Atherosclerosis, 218, 323, 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.06.040
