Chemistry and microbial sources of curdlan with potential application and safety regulations as prebiotic in food and health

Food Research International - Tập 133 - Trang 109136 - 2020
Deepak Kumar Verma1, Alaa Kareem Niamah2, Ami R. Patel3, Mamta Thakur4, Kawaljit Singh Sandhu5, Mónica L. Chávez-González6, Nihir Shah3, Cristobal Noe Aguilar6
1Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
2Departement of Food Science, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah, Basra City, Iraq
3Division of Dairy and Food Microbiology, Mansinhbhai Institute of Dairy & Food Technology-MIDFT, Dudhsagar Dairy Campus, Mehsana-384 002, Gujarat, India
4Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering and Technology, Longowal, 148106, Punjab, India
5Department of Food Science & Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University, Bathinda 151 001, Punjab, India
6Bioprocesses and Bioproducts Group, Food Research Department, School of Chemistry. Autonomous University of Coahuila, Saltillo Campus, 25280, Coahuila, Mexico

Tài liệu tham khảo

Ahmad, 2015, Blend film based on fish gelatine/curdlan for packaging applications: Spectral, microstructural and thermal characteristics, RSC Advances, 5, 99044, 10.1039/C5RA20925K Aizawa, 2018, Low Molecular-Weight Curdlan, (1→ 3)-β-Glucan Suppresses TLR2-Induced RANKL-Dependent Bone Resorption, Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 41, 1282, 10.1248/bpb.b18-00057 Al-manhel, 2017, Mannan extract from Saccharomyces cerevisiae used as prebiotic in bio-yogurt production from buffalo milk, International Food Research Journal, 24, 2259 Arellano-Reynoso, 2005, Cyclic β-1, 2-glucan is a Brucella virulence factor required for intracellular survival, Nature Immunology, 6, 618, 10.1038/ni1202 Bădulescu, 2009, Curdlan derivatives able to enhance cytostatic drugs activity on tumor cells, Romanian Archives of Microbiology and Immunology, 339, 201 Barbosa-Lorenzi, 2017, Curdlan induces selective mast cell degranulation without concomitant release of LTC4, IL-6 or CCL2, Immunobiology, 222, 647, 10.1016/j.imbio.2016.12.001 Besbes, 2009, Adding value to hard date (Phoenix dactylifera L.): Compositional, functional and sensory characteristics of date jam, Food Chemistry, 112, 406, 10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.05.093 Bozoudi, 2018, The Multiple and Versatile Roles of Aureobasidium pullulans in the Vitivinicultural Sector, Fermentation, 4, 1 Breedveld, 1994, Cyclic beta-glucans of members of the family Rhizobiaceae, Microbiological Reviews, 58, 145, 10.1128/MMBR.58.2.145-161.1994 Brooks, 2012, Prebiotics and probiotics: Some thoughts on demonstration of efficacy within the regulatory sphere, Journal of AOAC International, 95, 2, 10.5740/jaoacint.SGE_Brooks Cai, 2019, Conformational and rheological properties of a quaternary ammonium salt of curdlan, Food Chemistry, 280, 130, 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.12.059 Cai, 2019, Preparation, characterization, rheological and antioxidant properties of ferulic acid-grafted curdlan conjugates, Food Chemistry, 300, 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125221 Cai, 2017, Recent progress on curdlan provided by functionalization strategies, Food Hydrocolloids, 68, 128, 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2016.09.014 Castillo, 2015, Microbial production of scleroglucan and downstream processing, Frontiers in Microbiology, 6, 1106, 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01106 Chan, 2009, The effects of β-glucan on human immune and cancer cells, Journal of Hematology & Oncology, 2, 25, 10.1186/1756-8722-2-25 Chen, 2010, Effects of high pressure level and holding time on properties of duck muscle gels containing 1% curdlan, Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies, 11, 538, 10.1016/j.ifset.2010.05.004 Chen, 2012, The influence of amylose and amylopectin characteristics on phase transition of cornstarches observed under shearless condition, Advanced Materials Research, Vol. 554, Trans Tech Publications, 1170 Chen, 2016, Effect of curdlan and xanthan polysaccharides on the pasting, rheological and thermal properties of rice starch, Journal of Food Science & Technology, 53, 4076, 10.1007/s13197-016-2414-6 Chen, 2014, Preparation and gel properties of low molecular weight curdlan by hydrolysis of curdlan with commercial α-amylase, Carbohydrate Polymers, 113, 362, 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.07.034 Chen, 2003, Starch granule size strongly determines starch noodle processing and noodle quality, Journal of Food Science, 68, 1584, 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2003.tb12295.x Cheung, 2018, Effect of polysaccharide chain conformation on ultrasonic degradation of curdlan in alkaline solution, Carbohydrate Polymers, 195, 298, 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.04.118 Dai, 2015, Proteomic analysis of curdlan-producing Agrobacterium sp. ATCC 31749 in response to dissolved oxygen. Wei sheng wu xue bao=, Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 55, 1018 Delcour, 2016, Prebiotics, fermentable dietary fiber, and health claims, Advances in Nutrition, 7, 1, 10.3945/an.115.010546 Dennehy, 2007, The role of the β-glucan receptor Dectin-1 in control of fungal infection, Journal of Leukocyte Biology, 82, 253, 10.1189/jlb.1206753 Divyasri, 2014, A review on industrial applications of curdlan, International Journal of ChemTech Research, 6, 3000 Dong, 2016, Enhanced curdlan production with nitrogen feeding during polysaccharide synthesis by Rhizobium radiobacter, Carbohydrate Polymers, 150, 385, 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.05.036 Dumitriu, 2017 Dwyer, 2018, Dietary supplements: Regulatory challenges and research resources, Nutrients, 10, 41, 10.3390/nu10010041 El-Sayed, 2016, Optimization, purification and physicochemical characterization of curdlan produced by Paenibacillus sp. strain NBR-10, Biosciences Biotechnology Research Asia, 13, 901, 10.13005/bbra/2113 Estrella, 2000, Biosynthesis and structure of cell associated glucans in slow growing Rhizobium loti strain NVP2309, Symbiosis, 29, 173 EUNFC (EU Novel Food Catalogue) (2019). Novel Food. Accessed on 29/07/2019. URL:http://ec.europa.eu/food/safety/novel_food/catalogue/search/public/index.cfm. Fang, 2015, In vivo curdlan/cellulose bionanocomposite synthesis by genetically modified Gluconacetobacter xylinus, Biomacromolecules, 16, 3154, 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b01075 Farina, 2001, Isolation and physicochemical characterization of soluble scleroglucan from Sclerotium rolfsii – Rheological properties, molecular weight and conformational characteristics, Carbohydrates Polymer, 44, 41, 10.1016/S0144-8617(00)00189-2 Freitas, 2011, Advances in bacterial exopolysaccharides: From production to biotechnological applications, Trends in Biotechnology, 29, 388, 10.1016/j.tibtech.2011.03.008 Fu, 2015, Cellulosimicrobium cellulans strain E4–5 enzymatic hydrolysis of curdlan for production of (1→3)-linked β-D-glucan oligosaccharides, Carbohydrate Polymers, 134, 740, 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.08.019 Funami, 2007, Gelling characteristics of curdlan aqueous dispersions in the presence of salts, Food Hydrocolloids, 21, 59, 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2006.01.009 Funami, 1998, Curdlan properties for application in fat mimetics for meat products, Journal of Food Science, 63, 283, 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1998.tb15727.x Funami, 1999, Effect of curdlan on retort stability of a pork meat gel system, Food Science and Technology Research, 5, 24, 10.3136/fstr.5.24 Garai-Ibabe, 2010, Screening and selection of 2-branched (1,3)-β-D-glucan producing lactic acid bacteria and exopolysaccharide characterization, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 58, 6149, 10.1021/jf904529q Ghosh, 2012, Successful therapy of visceral leishmaniasis with curdlan involves T-helper 17 cytokines, The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 207, 1016, 10.1093/infdis/jis771 Gummadi, 2005, Production of extracellular water insoluble β-1,3-glucan (Curdlan) from Bacillus sp. SNC07, Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering, 10, 546, 10.1007/BF02932292 Han, 2015, Preparation of novel curdlan nanoparticles for intracellular siRNA delivery, Carbohydrate Polymers, 117, 324, 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.09.069 Harada, 1996, Curdlan and succinoglycan, 21 Harada, 1966, Growth and β-glucan 10C3K production by a mutant of Alcaligenes faecalis var. myxogenes in defined medium, Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, 30, 764, 10.1080/00021369.1966.10858682 Havlik, 2005, Curdlan sulphate in human severe/cerebral Plasmodium falciparum malaria, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 99, 333, 10.1016/j.trstmh.2004.05.005 Havlik, 1994, The effect of curdlan sulphate on in vitro growth of Plasmodium falciparum, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 88, 686, 10.1016/0035-9203(94)90230-5 Jindal, 2018, Microbial polysaccharides in food industry, 95 Jong, 1993, Mushrooms as a Source of Natural Flavor and Aroma Compounds, 345 Kalyanasundaram, G. T., Doble, M., & Gummadi, S. N. (2012). Production and downstream processing of (1→ 3)-β-D-glucan from mutant strain of Agrobacterium sp. ATCC 31750. AMB Express, 2 (1), 31. DOI:10.1186/2191-0855-2-31. Kanke, 1992, Application of curdlan to controlled drug delivery. I. The preparation and evaluation of theophylline-containing curdlan tablets, Pharmaceutical Research, 3, 414, 10.1023/A:1015811523426 Kanzawa, 1994, Purification and properties of a new exo-(1→3)-β-D-glucanase from Bacillus circulans YK9 capable of hydrolysing resistant curdlan with formation of only laminari-biose, Microbiology, 140, 637, 10.1099/00221287-140-3-637 Kataoka, 2002, Activation of macrophages by linear (1→3)-β-D-glucans, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 277, 36825, 10.1074/jbc.M206756200 Kenyon, 2002, Structural analysis of the curdlan-like exopolysaccharide produced by Cellulomonas flavigena KU, Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology, 29, 200, 10.1038/sj.jim.7000277 Kenyon, 2005, The curdlan-type exopolysaccharide produced by Cellulomonas flavigena KU forms part of an extracellular glycocalyx involved in cellulose degradation, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 87, 143, 10.1007/s10482-004-2346-4 Kim, 2000, Curdlan gels as protein drug delivery vehicles, Biotechnology Letters, 22, 1127, 10.1023/A:1005636205036 Kim, 2016, Curdlan activates dendritic cells through dectin-1 and toll-like receptor 4 signaling, International Immunopharmacology, 39, 71, 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.07.013 Kim, 2003, Enhanced production of (1→3)-β-D-glucan by a mutant strain of Agrobacterium species, Biochemical Engineering Journal, 16, 163, 10.1016/S1369-703X(03)00032-9 Knecht, 1970, Some biological properties of Pneumococcus type 37 and the chemistry of its capsular polysaccharide, Journal of Experimental Medicine, 132, 475, 10.1084/jem.132.3.475 Komaniecka, 2003, Isolation and characterization of periplasmic cyclic β-glucans of Azorhizobium caulinodans, FEMS Microbiology Letter, 227, 263, 10.1016/S0378-1097(03)00690-6 1984, Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, Vol. 1, 140 Kumagai, 2016, Heat treatment of curdlan enhances the enzymatic production of biologically active β-(1, 3)-glucan oligosaccharides, Carbohydrate Polymers, 146, 396, 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.03.066 Kumar, 2015, Novel probiotics and prebiotics: Road to the market, Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 32, 99, 10.1016/j.copbio.2014.11.021 Kusama, 1984, Enzymatic preparation of crystalline laminaribiose from curdlan, Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, 48, 1433 Kyriacou, 2007, In vitro inhibition of Plasmodium falciparum rosette formation by Curdlan sulfate, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 51, 1321, 10.1128/AAC.01216-06 Laroche, 2007, New developments and prospective applications for β (1, 3) glucans, Recent Patents on Biotechnology, 1, 59, 10.2174/187220807779813938 Laxmi, 2018, Production and characterization of curdlan from Agrobacterium sp, International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science & Research, 9, 4871 Lazaridou, 2007, Molecular aspects of cereal β-glucan functionality: Physical properties, technological applications and physiological effects, Journal of Cereal Science, 46, 101, 10.1016/j.jcs.2007.05.003 Leach, 2006, The role of prebiotics in the ancient human diet and implications for modern diets, Active Food Scientific Monitor, 15, 1 Lee, 2019, Evaluation of physicochemical and textural properties of myofibrillar protein gels and low-fat model sausage containing various levels of curdlan, Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 32, 144, 10.5713/ajas.18.0585 Lee, I.-Y. (2005) Curdlan. In: E. Vandamme, S. D. Baets, & A. Steinbüchel (Eds.), Polysaccharides I: Polysaccharides from Prokaryotes (pp.135−158). Vol.-5, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. Lee, 2006, Textural improvement of sweet potato starch noodles prepared without freezing using gums and other starches, Food Science and Biotechnology, 15, 162 Lesage, 2006, Cell wall assembly in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, 70, 317, 10.1128/MMBR.00038-05 Li, 2019, Curdlan enhances the structure of myosin gel model, Food Science & Nutrition, 7, 2123, 10.1002/fsn3.1055 Li, 2019, Molecular basis for Poria cocos mushroom polysaccharide used as an antitumour drug in China, Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, 23, 4, 10.1111/jcmm.13564 Liang, 2017, Enhanced production of curdlan by coupled fermentation system of Agrobacterium sp. ATCC 31749 and Trichoderma harzianum GIM 3.442, Carbohydrate Polymers, 157, 1687, 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.11.055 Liang, 2018, Influence of Tween-80 on the production and structure of water-insoluble curdlan from Agrobacterium sp, International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 106, 611, 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.08.052 Liu, 2019, Curdlan (Alcaligenes faecalis) (1→3)-β-d-glucan oligosaccharides Drive M1 phenotype polarization in murine bone marrow-derived macrophages via activation of MAPKs and NF-κB pathways, Molecules, 24, 4251, 10.3390/molecules24234251 Llull, 2001, Tts, a processive β-glucosyltransferase of Streptococcus pneumoniae, directs the synthesis of branched Type 37 capsular polysaccharide in pneumococcus and other Gram-positive species, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 276, 21053, 10.1074/jbc.M010287200 Lo, 2003, Viscoelastic effects on the diffusion properties of curdlan gels, Journal of Food Science, 68, 2057, 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2003.tb07018.x Mahapatra, 2013, Fungal exopolysaccharide: Production, composition and applications, Microbiology Insights, 6, 1, 10.4137/MBI.S10957 Malaka, 2013, Effect of Bacteria Exopolysaccharide on Milk Gel Formation, Open Journal of Forestry, 3, 10, 10.4236/ojf.2013.34B004 Mangolim, 2017, Description of recovery method used for curdlan produced by Agrobacterium sp. IFO 13140 and its relation to the morphology and physicochemical and technological properties of the polysaccharide, PloS One, 12, e0171469, 10.1371/journal.pone.0171469 Marieta, 2010, Study of a 2-branched (1→3)-β-D-glucan from Lactobacillus suebicus CUPV221 as observed by Tapping mode Atomic Force Microscopy, 537 McIntosh, 2005, Curdlan and other bacterial (1→3)-beta-D-glucans, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 68, 163, 10.1007/s00253-005-1959-5 Misaki, 1993, Antitumorfungal (1–3)-β-D-glucans: Structural diversity and effects of chemical modification, 116 Miura, 2003, Structure and biological activities of β-Glucans from yeast and mycelial forms of Candida albicans, Microbiology and Immunology, 47, 173, 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2003.tb03382.x Mueller, 2000, The influence of glucan polymer structure and solution conformation on binding to (1→3)-β-D-glucan receptors in a human monocyte-like cell line, Glycobiology, 10, 339, 10.1093/glycob/10.4.339 Nakao, 1991, Curdlan: Properties and Application to Foods, Journal of Food Science, 56, 769, 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1991.tb05378.x Nakata, 1998, Characterization of curdlan in aqueous sodium hydroxide, Polymer, 39, 1475, 10.1016/S0032-3861(97)00417-5 Nelson, 1969, Action Pattern and Specificity of an Exo-β-(1→3)-d-glucanase from Basidiomycetes Species QM 806, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 244, 5972, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)63568-9 Nikitina, 2007, Lentinula edodes Biotechnology, Food Technol Biotechnology, 45, 230 Nishinari, 2000, Curdlan, 269 Nishizawa, T., Yanagisawa, M., & Ota, K., (2017).Curdlan-containing composition and product comprising curdlan-containing composition. Organo Food Tech Corp, U.S. Patent Application 15/537, 656. Nussinovitch, 2013 Oishi, 2009, Preparation of hypoallergenic wheat flour noodles and evaluation of their physical properties, Food Science and Technology Research, 15, 39, 10.3136/fstr.15.39 Okazaki, 1995, Structure-activity relationship of (1—>3)-betaD-glucans in the induction of cytokine production from macrophages, in vitro, Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 18, 1320, 10.1248/bpb.18.1320 Ortiz Martinez, 2016, Characterization of curdlan produced by Agrobacterium sp. IFO 13140 cells immobilized in a loofa sponge matrix, and application of this biopolymer in the development of functional yogurt, Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 96, 7, 2410, 10.1002/jsfa.7357 Patel, 2013, Food and health applications of exopolysaccharides produced by lactic acid bacteria, Advances in Dairy Research, 1, 1 Patel, 2015, Biological properties of xylooligosaccharides as an emerging prebiotic and future perspective, Current Trends in Biotechnology and Pharmacy, 9, 472 Pengkumsri, 2017, Extraction of β-glucan from Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Comparison of different extraction methods and in vivo assessment of immunomodulatory effect in mice, Food Science and Technology (Campinas), 37, 124, 10.1590/1678-457x.10716 Pereira, 2018, Biological and therapeutic properties of the seaweed polysaccharides, International Biology Review, 2, 1, 10.18103/ibr.v2i2.1762 Pereira, 2013, Analysis by vibrational spectroscopy of seaweed polysaccharides with potential use in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries, International Journal of Carbohydrate Chemistry, 2013, 1, 10.1155/2013/537202 Phillips, 1983, Production of curdlan-type polysaccharide by Alcaligenes faecalis in batch and continuous culture, Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 29, 1331, 10.1139/m83-207 Portilho, M., Matioli, G., Zanin, G. M., De Moraes, F. F., & Scamparini, A. R. P. (2006). Production of insoluble exopolysaccharide of Agrobacterium sp. (ATCC 31749 and IFO 13140). InTwenty-Seventh Symposium on Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals. Humana Press, NJ, USA, pp.864-869. Doi: 10.1007/978-1-59745-268-7_70. Puertas, 2014, Supramolecular structure and renaturation of a (1→3)-β-D-glucan compared with Curdlan and Scleroglucan, Fibers, 2, 255, 10.3390/fib2030255 Rafigh, 2014, Optimization of culture medium and modeling of curdlan production from Paenibacillus polymyxa by RSM and ANN, International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 70, 463, 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.07.034 Rigano, 2007, Bacterial cyclic β-(1, 2)-glucan acts in systemic suppression of plant immune responses, The Plant Cell, 19, 2077, 10.1105/tpc.106.047944 Rossi, 2018, β-glucans from Grifola frondosa and Ganoderma lucidum in breast cancer: An example of complementary and integrative medicine, Oncotarget, 9, 24837, 10.18632/oncotarget.24984 Ruffing, A. M., Castro-Melchor, M., Hu, W. S., & Chen, R. R. (2011). Genome sequence of the curdlan-producing Agrobacterium sp. strain ATCC 31749. Journal of Bacteriology, 193 (16), 4294-4295. Rui, 2016, Curdlan blocks the immune suppression by myeloid-derived suppressor cells and reduces tumor burden, Immunologic Research, 64, 931, 10.1007/s12026-016-8789-7 Sakurai, 1991, Effect of intraperitoneally administered β-1,3-glucan, SSG, obtained from Sclerotinia sclerotiorum IFO 9395 on the functions of murine alveolar macrophages, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 39, 214, 10.1248/cpb.39.214 Salah, 2011, Fermentation of date palm juice by curdlan gum production from Rhizobium radiobacter ATCC 6466™: Purification, rheological and physico-chemical characterization, LWT-Food Science and Technology, 44, 1026, 10.1016/j.lwt.2010.11.023 Saleh, 2017, Immunomodulatory Properties of Coriolus versicolor: The Role of Polysaccharopeptide, Frontiers in Immunology, 8, 1087, 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01087 Saudagar, 2004, Fermentative production of curdlan, Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 118, 21, 10.1385/ABAB:118:1-3:021 Seo, 2004, Production of High Molecular Weight Pullulan by Aureobasidium pullulans HP-2001 with Soybean Pomace as a Nitrogen Source, Bioresource Technology, 95, 293, 10.1016/j.biortech.2003.02.001 Shi, 2018, In vitro digestibility and prebiotic potential of curdlan (1→3)-β-d-glucan oligosaccharides in Lactobacillus species, Carbohydrate Polymers, 188, 17, 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.01.085 Shin, 2016, Metabolic engineering of Agrobacterium sp. ATCC31749 for curdlan production from cellobiose, Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology, 43, 1323, 10.1007/s10295-016-1805-z Shiroodi, 2015, Influence of Xanthan-Curdlan Hydrogel Complex on Freeze-Thaw Stability and Rheological Properties of Whey Protein Isolate Gel over Multiple Freeze-Thaw Cycle, Journal of Food Science, 80, E1498, 10.1111/1750-3841.12915 Shivakumar, 2006, Production of exopolysaccharides by Agrobacterium sp CFR-24 using coconut water – A byproduct of food industry, Letters in Applied Microbiology, 42, 477, 10.1111/j.1472-765X.2006.01881.x Shobana, 2015, Documentation on current developments in production and applications of a β-(1–3)-D glucan (Curdlan), Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 7, 807 Sprong, 2014, Grey area novel foods: An investigation into criteria with clear boundaries, European Journal of Nutrition and Food Safety, 4, 342, 10.9734/EJNFS/2014/8662 Stasinopoulos, 1999, Detection of two loci involved in (1→3)-β-glucan (curdlan) biosynthesis by Agrobacterium sp. ATCC31749, and comparative sequence analysis of the putative curdlan synthase gene, Glycobiology, 9, 31, 10.1093/glycob/9.1.31 Stone, B. A. (2009). Chemistry of β-Glucans. In: (A. Bacic, G. B. Fincher, & B. A. Stone (Eds.), Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Biology of 1-3 Beta Glucans and Related Polysaccharides (pp.5–46). USA: Academic Press. DOI:10.1016/b978-0-12-373971-1.00002-9. Tang, 2019, Curdlan oligosaccharides having higher immunostimulatory activity than curdlan in mice treated with cyclophosphamide, Carbohydrate Polymers, 207, 131, 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.10.120 Toyoda, S., & Kimura, M. (2004). Meat products and processed meat products coated with Curdlan gel film, US Patent, no. US2004047949. USFDA (2020). Food Additive Status List. United States Food and Drug Administration. Accessed on 15/01/2020. Vojnov, 2001, Regulation of the synthesis of cyclic glucan in Xanthomonas campestris by a diffusible signal molecule, Archives of Microbiology, 176, 415, 10.1007/s002030100341 Wang, 2017, Production of high-value β-1, 3-glucooligosaccharides by microwave-assisted hydrothermal hydrolysis of curdlan, Process Biochemistry, 52, 233, 10.1016/j.procbio.2016.11.005 Wang, 2010, Effects of curdlan on the color, syneresis, cooking qualities, and textural properties of potato starch noodles, StarchStärke, 62, 429, 10.1002/star.201000007 Wei, 2018, Effects of curdlan on the texture and structure of Alaska pollock surimi gels treated at 120 C, International Journal of Food Properties, 21, 1778, 10.1080/10942912.2017.1306557 West, 2016, Effect of nitrogen source concentration on curdlan production by Agrobacterium sp. ATCC 31749 grown on prairie cordgrass hydrolysates, Preparative Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 46, 85, 10.1080/10826068.2014.985835 West, 2008, Curdlan production by Agrobacterium sp. ATCC 31749 on an ethanol fermentation coproduct, Journal of Basic Microbiology, 48, 65, 10.1002/jobm.200700294 West, 2014, Production of the polysaccharide curdlan by an Agrobacterium strain grown on a plant biomass hydrolysate, Canadian Jornal of Microbiology, 60, 53, 10.1139/cjm-2013-0714 Williams, 2011, Characterization of Water Distribution in Xanthan-Curdlan Hydrogel Complex Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Relaxometry, Rheology, and Scanning Electron Microscopy, Journal of Food Science, 76, E472, 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2011.02227.x Wu, 2015, The effect of curdlan on the rheological properties of restructured ribbonfish (Trichiurus spp.) meat gel, Food Chemistry, 179, 222, 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.01.125 Wu, 2008, Enhanced production of curdlan by Alcaligenes faecalis by selective feeding with ammonia water during the cell growth phase of fermentation, Chinese Journal of Biotechnology, 24, 1035, 10.1016/S1872-2075(08)60049-7 Xiao, 2017, Investigation on curdlan dissociation by heating in water, Food Hydrocolloids, 70, 57, 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2017.03.018 Xin, 2018, Effect of curdlan on textural and cooking qualities of noodles made with tofu, Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, 42, e13661, 10.1111/jfpp.13661 Yang, 2016, Production and optimization of curdlan produced by Pseudomonas sp. QL212, International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 89, 25, 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.04.027 Young, 2003, Partially opened triple helix is the biologically active conformation of 1,3-β-glucans that induces pulmonary inflammation in rats, Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 66, 551, 10.1080/15287390306355 Yu, 2011, Enhanced curdlan production in Agrobacterium sp. ATCC 31749 by addition of low-polyphosphates, Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering: BBE, 16, 34, 10.1007/s12257-010-0145-5 Zekovic, 2005, Natural and Modified (1→3)-β-D-Glucans in Health Promotion and Disease Alleviation, Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 25, 205, 10.1080/07388550500376166 Zhan, 2012, Recent advances in curdlan biosynthesis, biotechnological production, and applications. Applied Microbiology, Biotechnology, 93, 525 Zhang, 2009, Characterization of the conformation and comparison of shear and extensional properties of curdlan in DMSO, Food Hydrocolloids, 23, 1570, 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2008.11.001 Zhang, 1997, Molecular weight and aggregation behaviour in solution of β-D-glucan from Poria cocos sclerotium, Carbohydrate. Research, 303, 193, 10.1016/S0008-6215(97)00172-9 Zhang, 2014, Properties, chemistry and applications of the bioactive polysaccharide curdlan, Biomacromolecules., 15, 1079, 10.1021/bm500038g Zhang, 2016, Regioselective synthesis of cationic 6-deoxy-6-(N, N, N-trialkylammonio) curdlan derivatives, Carbohydrate Polymers, 136, 474, 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.09.011 Zhang, 2013, Schizophyllan: A review on its structure, properties, bioactivities and recent developments, Bioactive Carbohydrates and Dietary Fibre, 1, 53, 10.1016/j.bcdf.2013.01.002