Lopez-Otin C, Blasco MA, Partridge L, Serrano M, Kroemer G. The hallmarks of aging. Cell. 2013;153:1194–217.
McCormick R, Vasilaki A. Age-related changes in skeletal muscle: changes to life-style as a therapy. Biogerontology. 2018;19:519–36.
Metter EJ, Conwit R, Tobin J, Fozard JL. Age-associated loss of power and strength in the upper extremities in women and men. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 1997;52:B267-276.
Marzetti E, Lees HA, Wohlgemuth SE, Leeuwenburgh C. Sarcopenia of aging: underlying cellular mechanisms and protection by calorie restriction. BioFactors. 2009;35:28–35.
Jang YC, et al. Increased superoxide in vivo accelerates age-associated muscle atrophy through mitochondrial dysfunction and neuromuscular junction degeneration. FASEB J. 2010;24:1376–90.
Deepa SS, et al. Accelerated sarcopenia in Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase knockout mice. Free Radic Biol Med. 2019;132:19–23.
Amara CE, et al. Mild mitochondrial uncoupling impacts cellular aging in human muscles in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007;104:1057–62.
Conley KE, Jubrias SA, Esselman PC. Oxidative capacity and ageing in human muscle. J Physiol. 2000;526(Pt 1):203–10.
Buxbaum JD, Chernew ME, Fendrick AM, Cutler DM. Contributions of public health, pharmaceuticals, and other medical care to US life expectancy changes, 1990–2015. Health Aff (Millwood). 2020;39:1546–56.
Birk AV, et al. The mitochondrial-targeted compound SS-31 re-energizes ischemic mitochondria by interacting with cardiolipin. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2013;24:1250–61.
Chavez JD, et al. Mitochondrial protein interaction landscape of SS-31. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2020;117:15363–73.
Siegel MP, et al. Mitochondrial-targeted peptide rapidly improves mitochondrial energetics and skeletal muscle performance in aged mice. Aging Cell. 2013;12:763–71.
Campbell MD, et al. Improving mitochondrial function with SS-31 reverses age-related redox stress and improves exercise tolerance in aged mice. Free Radic Biol Med. 2019;134:268–81.
Chiao YA, et al. Late-life restoration of mitochondrial function reverses cardiac dysfunction in old mice. Elife. 2020;9:e55513.
Whitson JA, et al. SS-31 and NMN: two paths to improve metabolism and function in aged hearts. Aging Cell. 2020;19: e13213.
Alam NM, Douglas RM, Prusky GT. Treatment of age-related visual impairment with a peptide acting on mitochondria. Dis Model Mech. 2022;15:dmm048256.
Tarantini S, et al. Treatment with the mitochondrial-targeted antioxidant peptide SS-31 rescues neurovascular coupling responses and cerebrovascular endothelial function and improves cognition in aged mice. Aging Cell. 2018;17:e12731.
Sweetwyne MT, et al. The mitochondrial-targeted peptide, SS-31, improves glomerular architecture in mice of advanced age. Kidney Int. 2017;91:1126–45.
Baumann CW, Kwak D, Liu HM, Thompson LV. Age-induced oxidative stress: how does it influence skeletal muscle quantity and quality? J Appl Physiol. 2016;1985(121):1047–52.
Musaogullari A, Chai YC. Redox regulation by protein S-glutathionylation: from molecular mechanisms to implications in health and disease. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21:8113.
Whitson JA, et al. Elamipretide (SS-31) treatment attenuates age-associated post-translational modifications of heart proteins. Geroscience. 2021;43:2395–412.
Martin-Perez M, et al. PKC downregulation upon rapamycin treatment attenuates mitochondrial disease. Nat Metab. 2020;2:1472–81.
Egertson JD, MacLean B, Johnson R, Xuan Y, MacCoss MJ. Multiplexed peptide analysis using data-independent acquisition and Skyline. Nat Protoc. 2015;10:887–903.
Xie Y, Kole S, Precht P, Pazin MJ, Bernier M. S-Glutathionylation impairs signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 activation and signaling. Endocrinology. 2009;150:1122–31.
Budde H, et al. The interplay between S-glutathionylation and phosphorylation of cardiac troponin I and myosin binding protein C in end-stage human failing hearts. Antioxidants (Basel). 2021;10:1134.
Sweeney HL, Bowman BF, Stull JT. Myosin light chain phosphorylation in vertebrate striated muscle: regulation and function. Am J Physiol. 1993;264:C1085-1095.
Zhao ZZ, Malencik DA, Anderson SR. Protein-induced inactivation and phosphorylation of rabbit muscle phosphofructokinase. Biochemistry. 1991;30:2204–16.
Fischer M, Rikeit P, Knaus P, Coirault C. YAP-mediated mechanotransduction in skeletal muscle. Front Physiol. 2016;7:41.
Hamdani N, Herwig M, Linke WA. Tampering with springs: phosphorylation of titin affecting the mechanical function of cardiomyocytes. Biophys Rev. 2017;9:225–37.
Alegre-Cebollada J, et al. S-Glutathionylation of cryptic cysteines enhances titin elasticity by blocking protein folding. Cell. 2014;156:1235–46.
McCalmon SA, et al. Modulation of angiotensin II-mediated cardiac remodeling by the MEF2A target gene Xirp2. Circ Res. 2010;106:952–60.
Cherepanova O, et al. Xin-repeats and nebulin-like repeats bind to F-actin in a similar manner. J Mol Biol. 2006;356:714–23.
Pacholsky D, et al. Xin repeats define a novel actin-binding motif. J Cell Sci. 2004;117:5257–68.
Huang HT, et al. Myomaxin is a novel transcriptional target of MEF2A that encodes a Xin-related alpha-actinin-interacting protein. J Biol Chem. 2006;281:39370–9.
Otten C, et al. Xirp proteins mark injured skeletal muscle in zebrafish. PLoS One. 2012;7: e31041.
Graham ZA, DeBerry JJ, Cardozo CP, Bamman MM. SS-31 does not prevent or reduce muscle atrophy 7 days after a 65 kdyne contusion spinal cord injury in young male mice. Physiol Rep. 2022;10: e15266.