Structural analysis of wheat wax (Triticum aestivum, c.v. ‘Naturastar’ L.): from the molecular level to three dimensional crystals

Planta - 2006
Kerstin Koch1, Wilhelm Barthlott1, S.A. Koch1, Alexander Hommes2, K. Wandelt2, Wael Mamdouh3, S. De-Feyter3, Peter Broekmann2
1Nees-Institut für Biodiversität der Pflanzen, Bonn, Germany
2Institut für Theoretische und Physikalische Chemie, Bonn, Germany
3Department of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Baker EA (1982) Chemistry and morphology of plant epicuticular waxes. In: Cutler DF, Alvin KL, Price CE (eds) The plant cuticle. Academic, London, pp 139–166

Bargel H, Barthlott W, Koch K, Schreiber L, Neinhuis C (2004) Plant cuticles: multifunctional interfaces between plant and environment. In: Hemsley AR, Poole I (eds) Evolution of plant physiology. Academic, London, pp 171–194

Barthlott W (1990) Scanning electron microscopy of the epidermal surface in plants. In: Claugher D (ed) Scanning electron microscopy in taxonomy and functional morphology. Syst. Assoc. Spec. Vol. No. 41, Clarendon Press, pp 69–94

Barthlott W, Fröhlich D (1983) Mikromorphologie und Orientierungsmuster epicuticularer Wachs-Kristalloide: Ein neues systematisches Merkmal bei Monokotylen. Plant Syst Evol 142:171–185

Barthlott W, Neinhuis C (1997) Purity of the sacred lotus or escape from contamination in biological surfaces. Planta 202:1–7

Barthlott W, Neinhuis C, Cutler D, Ditsch F, Meusel I, Theisen I, Wilhelmi H (1998) Classification and terminology of plant epicuticular waxes. Bot J Linnean Soc 126:237–260

Barthlott W, Theisen I, Borsch T, Neinhuis C (2003) Epicuticular waxes and vascular plant systematics: integrating micromorphological and chemical data. In: Stuessy TF, Mayer V, Hörandl E (eds) Deep morphology: toward a renaissance of morphology in plant systematics. Reg Veg Gantner Verlag Ruggell/Liechtenstein 141, pp 189–206

Batra IP, Garcian N, Rohrer H, Salmink H, Stoll E, Ciraci S (1987) A study of graphite surface with STM and electronic-structure calculations. Surf Sci 181:126–138

Bianchi G (1995) Plant waxes. In: Hamilton RJ (ed) Waxes: Chemistry, molecular biology and functions. The Oily Press, Glasgow, pp 175–222

Bianchi G, Corbellini A (1977) Epicuticular wax of Triticum aestivum Demar 4. Phytochemistry 16:943–945

Bianchi G, Lupotto E, Corbellin M (1979) Composition of epicuticular waxes of Triticum aestivum demar 4 from different parts of the plant. Agrochimica 23:96–102

Buchholz S, Rabe JM (1992) Molecular imaging of alkanol monolayers on graphite. Angew Chem 31:189–191

Canet D, Rohr R, Chamel A, Guillain F (1996) Atomic force microscopy study of isolated ivy leaf cuticles observed directly and after embedding in Epon. New Phytol 134:571–577

Chambers TC, Ritchie IM, Booth MA (1975) Chemical models for plant wax morphogenesis. New Phytol 77:43–49

Cyr DM, Venkataraman B, Flynn GW (1996) STM investigations of organic molecules physisorbed at the liquid–solid interface. Chem Mater 8:1600–1615

De Feyter S, De Schryver FC (2003) Two-dimensional supramolecular self-assembly probed by scanning tunnelling microscopy. Chem Soc Rev 32:139–150

Dorset D (1999) Development of lamellar structures in natural waxes – an electron diffraction investigation. J Phys D-Appl Phys 32:1276–1280

Ensikat HJ, Barthlott W (1993) Liquid substitution: a versatile procedure for SEM specimen preparation of biological materials without drying or coating. J Microsc 172:195–203

Ensikat HJ, Neinhuis C, Barthlott W (2000) Direct access to plant epicuticular wax crystals by a new mechanical isolation method. Int J Plant Sci 161:143–148

Jeffree CE (1974) A method for recrystallizing selected components of plant epicuticular waxes as surfaces for the growth of microorganisms. Trans Brit Mycol Soc 63:626–628

Jeffree CE (1996) Structure and ontogeny of plant cuticles. In: Kerstiens G (ed) Plant cuticles: an integrated functional approach. BIOS Scientific Pub, Oxford, pp 33–82

Jeffree CE, Baker EA, Holloway PJ (1975) Ultrastructure and recrystallization of plant epicuticular waxes. New Phytol 75:539–549

Jeffree CE, Baker EA, Holloway PJ (1976) Origins of the fine structure of plant epicuticular waxes. In: Dickinson CH and Preece TF (eds) Microbiol aerial plant surf. Academic, London, pp 119–158

Jetter R, Riederer M (1994) Epicuticular crystals of nonacosan-10-ol: In-vitro reconstitution and factors influencing crystal habits. Planta 195:257–270

Jetter R, Riederer M (1995) In vitro reconstitution of epicuticular wax crystals: formation of tubular aggregates by long chain secondary alkendiols. Bot Acta 108:111–120

Jetter R, Schäffer S (2001) Chemical composition of the Prunus laurocerasus leaf surface. Dynamic changes of the epicuticular wax film during leaf development. Plant Physiol 126:1725–1737

Koch K, Neinhuis C, Ensikat HJ, Barthlott W (2004) Self assembly of epicuticular waxes on plant surfaces investigated by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). J Exp Bot 55:711–718

Kolattukudy PE (1980) Cutin, suberin, and waxes. In: Stumpf PK (ed) Lipids: structure and function. Academic, London, pp 571–646

Kolattukudy PE (1996) Biosynthetic pathways of cutin and waxes. In: Kerstiens G (ed) Plant cuticles an integrated functional appraoch. Bios Scientific, Oxford, pp 83–108

Kolattukudy PE (2001) Polyesters in higher plants. In Scheper T (ed) Biochemical engineering/biotechnology. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 4–49

Kunst L, Samuels AS (2003) Biosynthesis and secretion of plant cuticular wax. Prog in Lipid Res 42:51–80

Le Poulennec C, Cousty J, Xie ZX, Miokowski C (2000) Self organisation of physisorbed secondary alcohol molecules on a graphite surface. Surface Sci 448:93–100

Matas AJ, MJ Sanz, Heredia A (2003) Studies on the structure of plant wax nonacosan-10-ol, the main component of epicuticular wax conifers. Int J Biol Macromol 33:31–35

Meusel I, Neinhuis C, Markstädter K, Barthlott W (1999) Ultrastructure, chemical composition and recrystallization of epicuticular waxes: transversely ridged rodlets. Can J Bot 77:706–720

Meusel I, Barthlott W, Kutzke H, Barbier B (2000) Crystallographic studies of plant waxes. Powder Diffract 15:123–129

Neinhuis C, Koch K, Barthlott W (2001) Movement and regeneration of epicuticular waxes through plant cuticles. Planta 213:427–434

Rabe JP, Buchholz S (1991) Commensurability and mobility in 2-dimensional molecular patterns on graphite. Science 253:424–427

Reynhardt EC, Riederer M (1994) Structures and molecular dynamics of plant waxes. II. Cuticular waxes from leaves of Fagus sylvatica L. and Hordeum vulgare L. Eur Biophys J 23:59–70

Schönherr J, Riederer M (1986) Plant cuticles sorb lipophilic compounds during enzymatic isolation. Plant Cell Environ 9:456–466

Schreiber L, Kirsch T, Riederer M (1996) Diffusion through cuticles: principles and models. In: Kerstiens G (ed) Plant cuticles—an integrated functional approach. BIOS Sci Pub Ltd, Oxford, pp 109–119

Stevens JF, Hart H, Wollenweber E (1995) The systematic and evolutionary significance of exudate flavonoids in Aeonium. Phytochemistry 39:805–813

Truskett N van, Stebe KJ (2003) Influence of surfactants on an evaporating drop: fluorescence images and particle deposition paterns. Langmuir 19:8271–8279

Tulloch AP (1973) Composition of leaf surface waxes of Triticum species: variation with age and tissue. Phytochemistry 12:2225–2232

Tulloch AP, Bernard R, Hoffmann L (1980) A survey of epicuticular waxes among genera of Triticeae. 2. Chemistry. Can J Bot 58:2602–2615

Venkataraman B, Breen JJ, Flynn GW (1995) Scanning-tunneling-microscopy studies of solvent effects on the adsorbtion and mobility of triacontane triacontanol molecules adsorbed on graphite. J Phys Chem 99:6608–6619

Vogg G, Fischer S, Leide J, Emmanuel E, Jetter R, Levy AA, Riederer M (2004) Tomato fruit cuticular waxes and their effects on transpiration barrier properties: functional characterization of a mutant deficient in a very-long-chain fatty acid beta-ketoacyl-CoA synthase. J Exp Bot 55:1401–1410

Walton TJ (1990) Waxes, cutin and suberin. In: Harwood JL, Bowyer JR (eds) Lipids, membranes and aspects of photobiology. Academic, London, pp 105–158

von Wettstein-Knowles P (1971) The molecular phenotypes of the eceriferum mutants. In: Nilan RA (ed) Barley genetics. 2nd edn. Washington State Univ Press, Pullman, WA, pp 146–193

Wilms M, Kruft M, Bermes G, Wandelt K (1999) A new and sophisticated electrochemical STM design for the investigation of potentiodynamic processes. Rev Sci Instrum 70:36–41

Zeier J, Schreiber L (1997) Chemical composition of hypodermal and endodermal cell walls and xylem vessels isolated from Clivia miniata: identification of the biopolymers lignin and suberin. Plant Phys 113:1223–1231