Rối loạn đông máu do chấn thương sọ não: biểu hiện hệ thống của một chấn thương khu trú

Blood - Tập 131 - Trang 2001-2006 - 2018
Jianning Zhang1,2, Fangyi Zhang3, Jing-fei Dong4,5
1Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
2Tianjin Institute of Neurology, Tianjin, China
3Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
4Bloodworks Research Institute, Seattle, WA
5Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA

Tóm tắt

Tóm tắtRối loạn đông máu do chấn thương sọ não (TBI) là một rủi ro phổ biến và được công nhận tốt cho các kết quả lâm sàng kém, nhưng cơ chế bệnh sinh của nó vẫn chưa được hiểu rõ và các lựa chọn điều trị còn hạn chế và không hiệu quả. Chúng tôi thảo luận về những tiến bộ gần đây và các khoảng trống kiến thức trong việc hiểu rõ biến chứng chết người này của TBI. Chúng tôi tập trung vào (1) sự phá vỡ hàng rào máu não nhằm phát tán chấn thương não một cách hệ thống qua việc giải phóng các phân tử xuất phát từ não vào tuần hoàn và (2) trạng thái tăng đông và tăng phân hủy fibrin do TBI gây ra dẫn đến chảy máu trong sọ kéo dài và muộn cũng như chảy máu toàn thân.

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Niles, 2008, Increased mortality associated with the early coagulopathy of trauma in combat casualties, J Trauma, 64, 1459-1463, 10.1097/TA.0b013e318174e8bc Mitra, 2012, Acute coagulopathy and early deaths post major trauma, Injury, 43, 22, 10.1016/j.injury.2010.10.015 Chang, 2016, Advances in the understanding of trauma-induced coagulopathy, Blood, 128, 1043, 10.1182/blood-2016-01-636423 MacLeod, 2003, Early coagulopathy predicts mortality in trauma, J Trauma, 55, 39, 10.1097/01.TA.0000075338.21177.EF Harhangi, 2008, Coagulation disorders after traumatic brain injury, Acta Neurochir (Wien), 150, 165, 10.1007/s00701-007-1475-8 Wafaisade, 2010, Acute coagulopathy in isolated blunt traumatic brain injury, Neurocrit Care, 12, 211, 10.1007/s12028-009-9281-1 Folkerson, 2018, Coagulopathy as a predictor of mortality after penetrating traumatic brain injury, Am J Emerg Med, 36, 38, 10.1016/j.ajem.2017.06.057 Roozenbeek, 2013, Changing patterns in the epidemiology of traumatic brain injury, Nat Rev Neurol, 9, 231, 10.1038/nrneurol.2013.22 Wutzler, 2009, Association of preexisting medical conditions with in-hospital mortality in multiple-trauma patients, J Am Coll Surg, 209, 75, 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2009.03.015 Talving, 2009, Coagulopathy in severe traumatic brain injury: a prospective study, J Trauma, 66, 55-61, 10.1097/TA.0b013e318190c3c0 Hulka, 1996, Blunt brain injury activates the coagulation process, Arch Surg, 131, 923-927, 10.1001/archsurg.1996.01430210021004 Stein, 2004, Coagulopathy in traumatic brain injury, Neurocrit Care, 1, 479, 10.1385/NCC:1:4:479 Abdelmalik, 2016, Acute traumatic coagulopathy accompanying isolated traumatic brain injury is associated with worse long-term functional and cognitive outcomes, Neurocrit Care, 24, 361, 10.1007/s12028-015-0191-0 Reddy, 2015, Transfusion in traumatic brain injury, Curr Treat Options Neurol, 17, 46, 10.1007/s11940-015-0379-9 Kim, 2015, The effect of platelet and desmopressin administration on early radiographic progression of traumatic intracranial hemorrhage, J Neurotrauma, 32, 1815, 10.1089/neu.2014.3728 Anglin, 2013, Effects of platelet and plasma transfusion on outcome in traumatic brain injury patients with moderate bleeding diatheses, J Neurosurg, 118, 676, 10.3171/2012.11.JNS12622 Haltmeier, 2018, Decreased mortality in patients with isolated severe blunt traumatic brain injury receiving higher plasma to packed red blood cells transfusion ratios, Injury, 49, 62, 10.1016/j.injury.2017.07.035 Wafaisade, 2010, Drivers of acute coagulopathy after severe trauma: a multivariate analysis of 1987 patients, Emerg Med J, 27, 934, 10.1136/emj.2009.088484 Maani, 2009, Coagulopathy in trauma patients: what are the main influence factors?, Curr Opin Anaesthesiol, 22, 255, 10.1097/ACO.0b013e32832922be Maegele, 2013, Coagulopathy after traumatic brain injury: incidence, pathogenesis, and treatment options, Transfusion, 53, 28S, 10.1111/trf.12033 Komarova, 2017, Protein interactions at endothelial junctions and signaling mechanisms regulating endothelial permeability, Circ Res, 120, 179, 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.306534 Haseloff, 2015, Transmembrane proteins of the tight junctions at the blood-brain barrier: structural and functional aspects, Semin Cell Dev Biol, 38, 16, 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.11.004 Horng, 2017, Astrocytic tight junctions control inflammatory CNS lesion pathogenesis, J Clin Invest, 127, 3136, 10.1172/JCI91301 Cristante, 2013, Identification of an essential endogenous regulator of blood-brain barrier integrity, and its pathological and therapeutic implications, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 110, 832, 10.1073/pnas.1209362110 Wójciak-Stothard, 2001, Rho and Rac but not Cdc42 regulate endothelial cell permeability, J Cell Sci, 114, 1343, 10.1242/jcs.114.7.1343 Tsukita, 2000, The structure and function of claudins, cell adhesion molecules at tight junctions, Ann N Y Acad Sci, 915, 129, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb05235.x Furuse, 1993, Occludin: a novel integral membrane protein localizing at tight junctions, J Cell Biol, 123, 1777, 10.1083/jcb.123.6.1777 Aurrand-Lions, 2001, Heterogeneity of endothelial junctions is reflected by differential expression and specific subcellular localization of the three JAM family members, Blood, 98, 3699, 10.1182/blood.V98.13.3699 Palmeri, 2000, Vascular endothelial junction-associated molecule, a novel member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, is localized to intercellular boundaries of endothelial cells, J Biol Chem, 275, 19139, 10.1074/jbc.M003189200 Tian, 2015, Brain-derived microparticles induce systemic coagulation in a murine model of traumatic brain injury, Blood, 125, 2151, 10.1182/blood-2014-09-598805 Zhao, 2016, Cardiolipin-mediated procoagulant activity of mitochondria contributes to traumatic brain injury-associated coagulopathy in mice, Blood, 127, 2763, 10.1182/blood-2015-12-688838 Zhou, 2018, Lactadherin promotes microvesicle clearance to prevent coagulopathy and improves survival of mice subjected to severe traumatic brain injury, Blood, 131, 563, 10.1182/blood-2017-08-801738 Lustenberger, 2010, Time course of coagulopathy in isolated severe traumatic brain injury, Injury, 41, 924, 10.1016/j.injury.2010.04.019 Nakae, 2016, Time course of coagulation and fibrinolytic parameters in patients with traumatic brain injury, J Neurotrauma, 33, 688, 10.1089/neu.2015.4039 Fleck, 1990, Localization of human tissue factor antigen by immunostaining with monospecific, polyclonal anti-human tissue factor antibody, Thromb Res, 59, 421, 10.1016/0049-3848(90)90148-6 Eddleston, 1993, Astrocytes are the primary source of tissue factor in the murine central nervous system. A role for astrocytes in cerebral hemostasis, J Clin Invest, 92, 349, 10.1172/JCI116573 Hanayama, 2002, Identification of a factor that links apoptotic cells to phagocytes, Nature, 417, 182, 10.1038/417182a Heemskerk, 1997, Collagen but not fibrinogen surfaces induce bleb formation, exposure of phosphatidylserine, and procoagulant activity of adherent platelets: evidence for regulation by protein tyrosine kinase-dependent Ca2+ responses, Blood, 90, 2615, 10.1182/blood.V90.7.2615.2615_2615_2625 Siljander, 2001, Platelet adhesion enhances the glycoprotein VI-dependent procoagulant response: Involvement of p38 MAP kinase and calpain, Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 21, 618, 10.1161/01.ATV.21.4.618 Shcherbina, 1999, Role of caspase in a subset of human platelet activation responses, Blood, 93, 4222, 10.1182/blood.V93.12.4222 Brown, 2000, Constitutive death of platelets leading to scavenger receptor-mediated phagocytosis. A caspase-independent cell clearance program, J Biol Chem, 275, 5987, 10.1074/jbc.275.8.5987 Xiong, 2017, Emerging potential of exosomes for treatment of traumatic brain injury, Neural Regen Res, 12, 19, 10.4103/1673-5374.198966 Medved, 2003, Molecular mechanisms of initiation of fibrinolysis by fibrin, Thromb Haemost, 89, 409, 10.1055/s-0037-1613368 Tsurupa, 2001, Identification and characterization of novel tPA- and plasminogen-binding sites within fibrin(ogen) alpha C-domains, Biochemistry, 40, 801, 10.1021/bi001789t Váradi, 1983, Location of plasminogen-binding sites in human fibrin(ogen), Biochemistry, 22, 2440, 10.1021/bi00279a021 Brommer, 1984, The level of extrinsic plasminogen activator (t-PA) during clotting as a determinant of the rate of fibrinolysis; inefficiency of activators added afterwards, Thromb Res, 34, 109, 10.1016/0049-3848(84)90067-7 Emeis, 1992, Regulation of the acute release of tissue-type plasminogen activator from the endothelium by coagulation activation products, Ann N Y Acad Sci, 667, 249, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1992.tb51622.x Karri, 2017, Early fibrinolysis associated with hemorrhagic progression following traumatic brain injury, Shock, 48, 644, 10.1097/SHK.0000000000000912 Hijazi, 2015, Endogenous plasminogen activators mediate progressive intracerebral hemorrhage after traumatic brain injury in mice, Blood, 125, 2558, 10.1182/blood-2014-08-588442 Wu, 2016, Procoagulant and fibrinolytic activity after polytrauma in rat, Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol, 310, R323, 10.1152/ajpregu.00401.2015 Chapman, 2016, Overwhelming tPA release, not PAI-1 degradation, is responsible for hyperfibrinolysis in severely injured trauma patients, J Trauma Acute Care Surg, 80, 16-23, 10.1097/TA.0000000000000885 Cardenas, 2014, Elevated tissue plasminogen activator and reduced plasminogen activator inhibitor promote hyperfibrinolysis in trauma patients, Shock, 41, 514, 10.1097/SHK.0000000000000161 Collaborators C-t, 2010, Effects of tranexamic acid on death, vascular occlusive events, and blood transfusion in trauma patients with significant haemorrhage (CRASH-2): a randomised, placebo-controlled trial, Lancet, 376, 23, 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60835-5 Roberts, 2013, The CRASH-2 trial: a randomised controlled trial and economic evaluation of the effects of tranexamic acid on death, vascular occlusive events and transfusion requirement in bleeding trauma patients, Health Technol Assess, 17, 1, 10.3310/hta17100 Ploplis, 2014, Systemic platelet dysfunction is the result of local dysregulated coagulation and platelet activation in the brain in a rat model of isolated traumatic brain injury, J Neurotrauma, 31, 1672, 10.1089/neu.2013.3302 Prodan, 2016, Coated-platelet levels increase with number of injuries in patients with mild traumatic brain injury, J Neurotrauma, 33, 818, 10.1089/neu.2014.3846 Morel, 2008, Generation of procoagulant microparticles in cerebrospinal fluid and peripheral blood after traumatic brain injury, J Trauma, 64, 698, 10.1097/TA.0b013e31816493ad Maeda, 1997, Hemodynamic depression and microthrombosis in the peripheral areas of cortical contusion in the rat: role of platelet activating factor, Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien), 70, 102 Stein, 2002, Intravascular coagulation: a major secondary insult in nonfatal traumatic brain injury, J Neurosurg, 97, 1373, 10.3171/jns.2002.97.6.1373 Lu, 2004, Delayed thrombosis after traumatic brain injury in rats, J Neurotrauma, 21, 1756, 10.1089/neu.2004.21.1756 van der Sande, 1981, Intravascular coagulation: a common phenomenon in minor experimental head injury, J Neurosurg, 54, 21, 10.3171/jns.1981.54.1.0021 Kumar, 1988, Production and effects of platelet-activating factor in the rat brain, Biochim Biophys Acta, 963, 375, 10.1016/0005-2760(88)90304-9 Satoh, 1992, Increased levels of blood platelet-activating factor (PAF) and PAF-like lipids in patients with ischemic stroke, Acta Neurol Scand, 85, 122, 10.1111/j.1600-0404.1992.tb04010.x Chao, 1993, Platelet-activating factor: receptors and signal transduction, Biochem J, 292, 617, 10.1042/bj2920617 Wohlauer, 2012, Early platelet dysfunction: an unrecognized role in the acute coagulopathy of trauma, J Am Coll Surg, 214, 739, 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2012.01.050 Davis, 2013, Platelet dysfunction is an early marker for traumatic brain injury-induced coagulopathy, Neurocrit Care, 18, 201, 10.1007/s12028-012-9745-6 Daley, 2017, Adenosine diphosphate platelet dysfunction on thromboelastogram is independently associated with increased morality in traumatic brain injury, Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg, 43, 105, 10.1007/s00068-016-0643-z Castellino, 2014, Traumatic brain injury causes platelet adenosine diphosphate and arachidonic acid receptor inhibition independent of hemorrhagic shock in humans and rats, J Trauma Acute Care Surg, 76, 1169, 10.1097/TA.0000000000000216 Donahue, 2014, Early platelet dysfunction in a rodent model of blunt traumatic brain injury reflects the acute traumatic coagulopathy found in humans, J Neurotrauma, 31, 404, 10.1089/neu.2013.3089 Sillesen, 2013, Platelet activation and dysfunction in a large-animal model of traumatic brain injury and hemorrhage, J Trauma Acute Care Surg, 74, 1252, 10.1097/TA.0b013e31828c7a6b Bartels, 2016, Platelet adenosine diphosphate inhibition in trauma patients by thromboelastography correlates with paradoxical increase in platelet dense granule content by flow cytometry, Surgery, 160, 954, 10.1016/j.surg.2016.07.012 Batchelor, 2012, A meta-analysis to determine the effect of anticoagulation on mortality in patients with blunt head trauma, Br J Neurosurg, 26, 525, 10.3109/02688697.2011.650736 Batchelor, 2013, A meta-analysis to determine the effect of preinjury antiplatelet agents on mortality in patients with blunt head trauma, Br J Neurosurg, 27, 12, 10.3109/02688697.2012.705361 Fabbri, 2013, Antiplatelet therapy and the outcome of subjects with intracranial injury: the Italian SIMEU study, Crit Care, 17, R53, 10.1186/cc12575 Grandhi, 2015, Preinjury warfarin, but not antiplatelet medications, increases mortality in elderly traumatic brain injury patients, J Trauma Acute Care Surg, 78, 614, 10.1097/TA.0000000000000542 Joseph, 2014, Clinical outcomes in traumatic brain injury patients on preinjury clopidogrel: a prospective analysis, J Trauma Acute Care Surg, 76, 817, 10.1097/TA.0b013e3182aafcf0