Pandemics and food systems - towards a proactive food safety approach to disease prevention & management
Tóm tắt
Recent large-scale pandemics such as the covid19, H1N1, Swine flu, Ebola and the Nipah virus, which impacted human health and livelihoods, have come about due to inadequate food systems safeguards to detect, trace and eliminate threats arising from zoonotic diseases. Such diseases are transmitted to humans through their interaction with animals in the food value chain including through the consumption of bush meat. Climate change has also facilitated the emergence of new zoonotic diseases. The lack of adequately enforced food-safety standards in managed agricultural production systems creates the necessary conditions for diseases to mutate into highly contagious strains. The lack of food safety measures in handling, packaging and sales of food increases risks of cross-species contamination. Finally, increasing anti-microbial resistance, combined with rapid urbanization and global interconnectedness allows diseases to spread rapidly among humans. Thus, part of the reconstruction efforts, post covid19, should include prioritizing proactive investments in food safety. The key to stave off another such pandemic lies in integrating one-health knowledge on zoonotic diseases along with food safety measures along the food value chain. Refocusing policy priorities from disease control to prevention will improve international coordination efforts in pandemic prevention. Implementing such proactive actions will cost a very small fraction of the reconstruction budgets. However, the expected benefits of the food-safety approach will include preventing global economic losses due to pandemics.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Brown, C. G., Longworth, J. W., & Waldron, S. (2002). Food safety and development of the beef industry in China. Food Policy, 27(3), 269–284. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-9192(02)00017-9.
Burgos, S., & Burgos, S. A. (2007). Avian influenza outbreaks in Southeast Asia affects prices, markets and trade: A short case study. International Journal of Poultry Science, 6(12), 1006–1009.
Butler, D., & Morello, L. (2014). Ebola by the numbers: The size, spread and cost of an outbreak. Nature, 514(7522), 284–285.
Caswell, J. A., & Mojduszka, E. M. (1996). Using informational labeling to influence the market for quality in food products. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 78(5), 1248–1253.
Chavas, J. (2008). On the economics of agricultural production. Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 52(4), 365–380.
Chua, K. B. (2003). Nipah virus outbreak in Malaysia. Journal of Clinical Virology, 26(3), 265–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1386-6532(02)00268-8.
Clasen, T., Boisson, S., Routray, P., Torondel, B., Bell, M., Cumming, O., Ensink, J., Freeman, M., Jenkins, M., Odagiri, M., Ray, S., Sinha, A., Suar, M., & Schmidt, W. P. (2014). Effectiveness of a rural sanitation programme on diarrhoea, soil-transmitted helminth infection, and child malnutrition in Odisha, India: A cluster-randomised trial. The Lancet Global Health, 2(11), e645–e653. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(14)70307-9.
Cutler, S. J., Fooks, A. R., & van der Poel, W. H. M. (2010). Public health threat of new, reemerging, and neglected zoonoses in the industrialized world. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1601.081467.
Destoumieux-Garzón, D., Mavingui, P., Boëtsch, G., Boissier, J., Darriet, F., Duboz, P., Fritsch, C., Giraudoux, P., Le Roux, F., & Morand, S. (2018). The one health concept: 10 years old and a long road ahead. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 5, 14.
Duffy, M. (2009). Economies of size in production agriculture. Journal of Hunger & Environmental Nutrition, 4(3–4), 375–392.
Gauthier-Clerc, M., Lebarbenchon, C., & Thomas, F. (2007). Recent expansion of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1: A critical review. Ibis, 149(2), 202–214.
Gebreyes, W. A., Dupouy-Camet, J., Newport, M. J., Oliveira, C. J. B., Schlesinger, L. S., Saif, Y. M., Kariuki, S., Saif, L. J., Saville, W., & Wittum, T. (2014). The global one health paradigm: Challenges and opportunities for tackling infectious diseases at the human, animal, and environment interface in low-resource settings. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 8(11), e3257.
Gould, E. A., & Higgs, S. (2009). Impact of climate change and other factors on emerging arbovirus diseases. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 103(2), 109–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trstmh.2008.07.025.
Grace, D., Roesel, K., & Lore, T. (2014). Food safety in informal markets in developing countries: Lessons from research by the International Livestock Research Institute (Vol. 20). ILRI (aka ILCA and ILRAD).
Hammoudi, A., Hoffmann, R., & Surry, Y. (2009). Food safety standards and Agri-food supply chains: An introductory overview. European Review of Agricultural Economics, 36(4), 469–478.
Han, B. A., Kramer, A. M., & Drake, J. M. (2016). Global patterns of zoonotic disease in mammals. Trends in Parasitology, 32(7), 565–577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2016.04.007.
Häsler, B., Gilbert, W., Jones, B. A., Pfeiffer, D. U., Rushton, J., & Otte, M. J. (2013). In J. S. Mackenzie, M. Jeggo, P. Daszak, & J. A. Richt (Eds.), The Economic Value of One Health in Relation to the Mitigation of Zoonotic Disease Risks BT - One Health: The Human-Animal-Environment Interfaces in Emerging Infectious Diseases: The Concept and Examples of a One Health Approach (pp. 127–151). Berlin Heidelberg: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/82_2012_239.
Hassell, J. M., Begon, M., Ward, M. J., & Fèvre, E. M. (2017). Urbanization and disease emergence: Dynamics at the wildlife–livestock–human Interface. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 32(1), 55–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2016.09.012.
Henson, S., & Humphrey, J. (2010). Understanding the complexities of private standards in global Agri-food chains as they impact developing countries. The Journal of Development Studies, 46(9), 1628–1646.
Henson, S., & Reardon, T. (2005). Private Agri-food standards: Implications for food policy and the Agri-food system. Food Policy, 30(3), 241–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2005.05.002.
Henson, S., & Traill, B. (1993). The demand for food safety: Market imperfections and the role of government. Food Policy, 18(2), 152–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-9192(93)90023-5.
Holmes, A. H., Moore, L. S. P., Sundsfjord, A., Steinbakk, M., Regmi, S., Karkey, A., Guerin, P. J., & Piddock, L. J. V. (2016). Understanding the mechanisms and drivers of antimicrobial resistance. The Lancet, 387(10014), 176–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00473-0.
Hughes, J. M., Wilson, M. E., Luby, S. P., Gurley, E. S., & Hossain, M. J. (2009). Transmission of human infection with Nipah virus. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 49(11), 1743–1748.
Jones, B. A., Grace, D., Kock, R., Alonso, S., Rushton, J., Said, M. Y., McKeever, D., Mutua, F., Young, J., & McDermott, J. (2013). Zoonosis emergence linked to agricultural intensification and environmental change. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(21), 8399–8404.
Kelly, T. R., Karesh, W. B., Johnson, C. K., Gilardi, K. V. K., Anthony, S. J., Goldstein, T., Olson, S. H., Machalaba, C., Mazet, J. A. K., & Consortium, P. (2017). One health proof of concept: Bringing a transdisciplinary approach to surveillance for zoonotic viruses at the human-wild animal interface. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 137, 112–118.
Kirezieva, K., Luning, P. A., Jacxsens, L., Allende, A., Johannessen, G. S., Tondo, E. C., Rajkovic, A., Uyttendaele, M., & van Boekel, M. A. J. S. (2015). Factors affecting the status of food safety management systems in the global fresh produce chain. Food Control, 52, 85–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.12.030.
Kruse, H., Kirkemo, A.-M., & Handeland, K. (2004). Wildlife as source of zoonotic infections. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(12), 2067–2072.
Landers, T. F., Cohen, B., Wittum, T. E., & Larson, E. L. (2012). A review of antibiotic use in food animals: Perspective, policy, and potential. Public Health Reports, 127(1), 4–22.
Leibler, J. H., Dalton, K., Pekosz, A., Gray, G. C., & Silbergeld, E. K. (2017). Epizootics in industrial livestock production: Preventable gaps in biosecurity and biocontainment. Zoonoses and Public Health, 64(2), 137–145.
Leroy, E. M., Rouquet, P., Formenty, P., Souquière, S., Kilbourne, A., Froment, J.-M., Bermejo, M., Smit, S., Karesh, W., & Swanepoel, R. (2004). Multiple Ebola virus transmission events and rapid decline of central African wildlife. Science, 303(5656), 387–390.
Levy, S. B., Fitzgerald, G. B., & Macone, A. B. (1976). Spread of antibiotic-resistant plasmids from chicken to chicken and from chicken to man. Nature, 260(5546), 40–42.
Li, W., Wong, S.-K., Li, F., Kuhn, J. H., Huang, I.-C., Choe, H., & Farzan, M. (2006). Animal origins of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus: Insight from ACE2-S-protein interactions. Journal of Virology, 80(9), 4211–4219.
Liu, C., Hofstra, N., & Franz, E. (2013). Impacts of climate change on the microbial safety of pre-harvest leafy green vegetables as indicated by Escherichia coli O157 and Salmonella spp. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 163(2–3), 119–128.
Loureiro, M. L., & Umberger, W. J. (2007). A choice experiment model for beef: What US consumer responses tell US about relative preferences for food safety, country-of-origin labeling and traceability. Food Policy, 32(4), 496–514. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2006.11.006.
Lu, R., Zhao, X., Li, J., Niu, P., Yang, B., Wu, H., Wang, W., Song, H., Huang, B., Zhu, N., Bi, Y., Ma, X., Zhan, F., Wang, L., Hu, T., Zhou, H., Hu, Z., Zhou, W., Zhao, L., Chen, J., Meng, Y., Wang, J., Lin, Y., Yuan, J., Xie, Z., Ma, J., Liu, W. J., Wang, D., Xu, W., Holmes, E. C., Gao, G. F., Wu, G., Chen, W., Shi, W., & Tan, W. (2020). Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: Implications for virus origins and receptor binding. The Lancet, 395(10224), 565–574. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30251-8.
Luby, S. P., Rahman, M., Hossain, M. J., Blum, L. S., Husain, M. M., Gurley, E., Khan, R., Ahmed, B.-N., Rahman, S., & Nahar, N. (2006). Foodborne transmission of Nipah virus, Bangladesh. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 12(12), 1888–1894.
Marshall, B. M., & Levy, S. B. (2011). Food animals and antimicrobials: Impacts on human health. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 24(4), 718–733.
Marty, A. M., & Jones, M. K. (2020). The novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is a one health issue. One Health (Amsterdam, Netherlands), 9, 100123.
Meuwissen, M. P. M., Van Asseldonk, M., Skees, J. R., & Huirne, R. B. M. (2006). Designing epidemic livestock insurance. The Economics of Livestock Disease Insurance: Concepts, Issues and International Case Studies. Wallingford, UK: CABI Publishing, 126–140.
Morse, S. S., Mazet, J. A. K., Woolhouse, M., Parrish, C. R., Carroll, D., Karesh, W. B., Zambrana-Torrelio, C., Lipkin, W. I., & Daszak, P. (2012). Prediction and prevention of the next pandemic zoonosis. The Lancet, 380(9857), 1956–1965. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61684-5.
Nguyen-Viet, H., Tuyet-Hanh, T. T., Unger, F., Dang-Xuan, S., & Grace, D. (2017). Food safety in Vietnam: Where we are at and what we can learn from international experiences. Infectious Diseases of Poverty, 6(1), 39. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40249-017-0249-7.
Parrish, C. R., Holmes, E. C., Morens, D. M., Park, E.-C., Burke, D. S., Calisher, C. H., Laughlin, C. A., Saif, L. J., & Daszak, P. (2008). Cross-species virus transmission and the emergence of new epidemic diseases. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, 72(3), 457–470.
Pingali, P. (2007). Westernization of Asian diets and the transformation of food systems: Implications for research and policy. Food Policy, 32(3), 281–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2006.08.001.
Pingali, P., & Aiyar, A. (2018). Food, agriculture, and nutrition policy: Looking ahead to 2050. In P. P. Rachid Serraj (Ed.), Agriculture and food systems to 2050. World Scientific Publishing.
Pouliot, S., & Sumner, D. A. (2008). Traceability, liability, and incentives for food safety and quality. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 90(1), 15–27.
Price, L. B., Graham, J. P., Lackey, L. G., Roess, A., Vailes, R., & Silbergeld, E. (2007). Elevated risk of carrying gentamicin-resistant Escherichia coli among US poultry workers. Environmental Health Perspectives, 115(12), 1738–1742.
Roesel, K., & Grace, D. (2014). Food safety and informal markets: Animal products in sub-Saharan Africa. Routledge.
Rosegrant, M. W., & Cline, S. A. (2003). Global food security: Challenges and policies. Science, 302(5652), 1917–1919.
Shi, Z., & Hu, Z. (2008). A review of studies on animal reservoirs of the SARS coronavirus. Virus Research, 133(1), 74–87.
Smith, K. M., Machalaba, C. C., Seifman, R., Feferholtz, Y., & Karesh, W. B. (2019). Infectious disease and economics: The case for considering multi-sectoral impacts. One Health, 7, 100080.
Steinfeld, H., Wassenaar, T., & Jutzi, S. (2006). Livestock production systems in developing countries: Status, drivers, trends. Revue Scientifique et Technique, 25(2), 505–516.
Unnevehr, L. J. (2007). Food safety as a global public good. Agricultural Economics, 37, 149–158.
Wang, Z., Mao, Y., & Gale, F. (2008). Chinese consumer demand for food safety attributes in milk products. Food Policy, 33(1), 27–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2007.05.006.
Zinsstag, J., Schelling, E., Waltner-Toews, D., & Tanner, M. (2011). From “one medicine” to “one health” and systemic approaches to health and well-being. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 101(3), 148–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2010.07.003.