Introducing the montado, the cork and holm oak agroforestry system of Southern Portugal

T. Pinto-Correia1, N. Ribeiro1, P. Sá-Sousa1
1University of Évora, Evora, Portugal

Tóm tắt

The Portuguese montado is an agro-silvo pastoral system quite similar to the dehesa in Spain, and covering in Portugal most of the Southern region of the country, Alentejo. The trees in the montado are cork oh holm oak, and the system is mostly acknowledged due to the cork production, but also due to its singular savanna like land cover pattern, its multiple and complementary productions, the support of a diversity of ecosystems services and its biodiversity. The present special issue covers the diversity of components of the montado and of perspectives required to understand and assess the functioning of the system. This Editorial introduces the montado system, describes its extension and similarities to the dehesa in Spain, and addresses the multiple productions and externalities of the montado. It also refers to the several components of the system. It focus on the uniqueness and values of this system, stressing its potential and threats, and the requirements for integrated knowledge production. In the end of the Editorial, each one of the papers that compose the special issue are presented.

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Acácio V, Holmgren M, Rego F, Moreira F, Mohren GMJ (2009) Are drought and wildfires turning Mediterranean cork oak forests into persistent shrublands? Agroforest Syst 76:389–400. doi:10.1007/s10457-008-9165-y

Aronson J, Santos-Pereira J, Pausas JG (2009) General introduction. In: Aronson J, Santos-Pereira J, Pausas JG (eds) Cork oak woodlands on the edge: ecology, adaptative management, and restoration. Island Press, Washington, pp 1–10

Azul AM, Mendes S, Sousa JP, Freitas H (2011) Fungal fruitbodies and soil macrofauna as indicators of land use practices on soil biodiversity in Montado. Agroforest Syst. doi:10.1007/s10457-010-9359-y

Berrahmouni N, Regato P (2007) Cork oak forest landscapes: a whole world beyond cork. In: Berrahmouni N, Escuté X, Regato P, Stein C (eds) Beyond cork—a wealth of resources for people and nature: lessons from the Mediterranean. WWF Mediterranean Programme, Madrid, pp 8–16

Cañellas I, Roig S, Poblaciones MJ, Gea-Izquierdo G, Olea L (2007) An approach to acorn production in Iberian dehesas. Agroforest Syst 70:3–9. doi:10.1007/s10457-007-9034-0

Canteiro C, Pinto-Cruz C, Simões MP, Gazarini L (2011) Conservation of Mediterranean oak woodlands: understorey dynamics under different shrub management. Agroforest Syst. doi:10.1007/s10457-011-9375-6

Costa A, Pereira H, Madeira M (2009) Landscape dynamics in endangered cork oak woodlands in Southwestern Portugal (1958–2005). Agroforest Syst 77:83–96. doi:10.1007/s10457-009-9212-3

Díaz M, Pulido FJ, Marañón T (2003) Diversidad biológica y sostenibilidad ecológica y económica de los sistemas adehesados. Ecosistemas 2003/3. http://www.aeet.org/ecosistemas/033/investigacion4.htm. Accessed 26 Oct 2010

Eichhorn MP, Paris P, Herzog F, Incoll LD, Liagre F, Mantzanas K, Mayus M, Moreno G, Papanastasis VP, Pilbeam DJ, Pisanelli A, Dupraz C (2006) Silvoarable systems in Europe: past, present and future prospects. Agroforest Syst 67:29–50. doi:10.1007/s10457-005-1111-7

Emanuelsson U (2009) European Cultural Landscapes. How man has formed the European nature. Formas, Stockholm

Gaspar P, Mesías FJ, Escribano M, Rodriguez de Ledesma A, Pulido F (2007) Economic and management characterization of dehesa farms: implications for their sustainability. Agroforest Syst 71:151–162. doi:10.1007/s10457-007-9081-6

Godinho C, Rabaça JE (2011) Birds like it corky: the influence of habitat features and management of ‘montados’ in breeding bird communities. Agroforest Syst. doi:10.1007/s10457-010-9345-4

Godinho S, Santos AP, Sá-Sousa P (2011) Montado management effects on the abundance and conservation of reptiles in Alentejo, Southern Portugal. Agroforest Syst. doi:10.1007/s10457-010-9346-3

Martín-Vicente A, Fernández-Alés R (2006) Long term persistence of dehesas: evidences from history. Agroforest Syst 67:19–28. doi:10.1007/s10457-005-1110-8

Mendes SM, Santos J, Freitas H, Sousa JP (2011) Assessing the impact of understory vegetation cut on soil epigeic macrofauna from a cork-oak Montado in South Portugal. Agroforest Syst. doi:10.1007/s10457-010-9358-z

Mira A, Marques CC, Santos SM, Rosário IT, Mathias ML (2008) Environmental determinants of the distribution of the Cabrera vole (Microtus cabrerae) in Portugal: implications for conservation. Mamm Biol 73:102–110. doi:10.1016/j.mambio.2006.11.003

Moreno-Marcos G, Obrador JJ, García E, Cubera E, Montero MJ, Pulido F, Dupraz C (2007) Driving competitive and facilitative interactions in oak dehesas through management practices. Agroforest Syst 70:25–40. doi:10.1007/s10457-007-9036-y

Olea L, San Miguel-Ayanz A (2006) The Spanish dehesa, a traditional Mediterranean silvopastoral system. 21st General meeting of the European Grassland Federation, Badajoz, Spain

Paracchini ML, Petersen JE, Hoogeveen Y, Bamps C, Burfield I, van Swaay C (2008) High nature value farmland in Europe: an estimate of the distribution patterns on the basis of land cover and biodiversity data. European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg

Pedroli B, van Doorn A, de Blust G, Paracchini ML, Washer D, Bunce F (2007) European Living Landscapes. Essays exploring our identity in the countryside. Landscape Europe, Wageningen/KNNV Publishing, Zeist

Pinheiro AC, Ribeiro NA, Surový P, Ferreira AG (2008) Economic implications of different cork oak forest management systems. Int J Sustain Soc 1:149–159. doi:10.1504/IJSSOC.2008.022571

Pinto-Correia T (1993) Threatened landscape in Alentejo, Portugal: the montado and other “agro-silvo-pastoral” systems. Landsc Urban Plan 24:43–48. doi:10.1016/0169-2046(93)90081-N

Pinto-Correia T (2000) Future development in Portuguese rural areas: How to manage agricultural support for landscape conservation? Landsc Urban Plan 50:95–106. doi:10.1016/S0169-2046(00)00082-7

Pinto-Correia T, Fonseca A (2009) Historical perspective of montados: the example of Évora. In: Aronson J, Santos-Pereira J, Pausas JG (eds) Cork oak woodlands on the edge: ecology, adaptative management, and restoration. Island Press, Washington, pp 49–54

Pinto-Correia T, Mascarenhas J (1999) Contribution for the extensification/intensification debate: What is happening to the Portuguese Montado? Landsc Urban Plan 46:125–131. doi:10.1016/S0169-2046(99)00036-5

Pinto-Correia T, Vos W (2004) Multifunctionality in Mediterranean landscapes—past and future. In: Jongman R (ed) The new dimension of the European landscapes, Wageningen FRONTIS Series. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 135–164

Pinto-Correia T, Barroso F, Surová D, Menezes H (2011) The fuzziness of Montado landscapes: progress in assessing user preferences through photo-based surveys. Agroforest Syst. doi:10.1007/s10457-010-9347-2

Plieninger T (2007) Compatibility of livestock grazing with stand regeneration in Mediterranean holm oak parklands. J Nat Conserv 15:1–9. doi:10.1016/j.jnc.2005.09.002

Plieninger T, Schaar M (2008) Modification of land cover in a traditional agroforestry system in Spain: processes of tree expansion and regression. Ecol Soc 13(2):25. http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol13/iss2/art25/

Plieninger T, Wilbrand C (2001) Land use, biodiversity conservation, and rural development in the dehesas of Cuatro Lugares, Spain. Agroforest Syst 51:23–34. doi:10.1023/A:1006462104555

Pretzsch H (2009) Forest dynamics, growth and yield, 1st edn. Springer-Verlag, Berlin

Ribeiro NA, Surový P (2008) Inventário nacional de mortalidade de sobreiro na fotografia aérea digital de 2004/2006. Universidade de Évora. ISBN: 978-989-8132-01-7

Ribeiro NA, Gonçalves AC, Dias S, Afonso T, Ferreira AG (2003) Multilevel monitoring system for cork oak (Quercus suber L.) stands in Portugal. In: Corona P, Köhl M, Marchetti M (eds) Advances in forest inventory for sustainable forest management and biodiversity monitoring with special reference to the Mediterranean region. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp 395–404

Ribeiro NA, Dias S, Surový P, Gonçalves AC, Ferreira AG, Oliveira AC (2004) The importance of crown cover on the sustainability of cork oak stands: a simulation approach. Adv Geoecol 37:275–286

Ribeiro NA, Surový P, Oliveira AC (2006) Modeling cork oak production in Portugal. In: Hasenauer H (ed) Sustainable forest management: growth models for Europe. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp 285–313

Ribeiro NA, Surový P, Pinheiro A (2010) Adaptive management on sustainability of cork oak woodlands. In: Manos B, Paparrizos K, Matsatsinis N, Papathanasiou J (eds) Decision support systems in agriculture, food and the environment: trends, applications and advances. IGI Global, Hershey, pp 437–449

Rosalino LM, Rosário J, Santos-Reis M (2009) The role of habitat patches on mammalian diversity in cork oak agroforestry systems. Acta Oecol 35:507–512. doi:10.1016/j.actao.2009.03.006

Santos-Silva C, Gonçalves A, Louro R (2011) Canopy cover influence on macrofungal richness and sporocarp production in Montado ecosystems. Agroforest Syst. doi:10.1007/s10457-011-9374-7

Surová D, Pinto-Correia T (2008) Landscape preferences in the cork oak Montado region of Alentejo, southern Portugal: searching for valuable landscape characteristics for different user group. Landsc Res 33(3):311–330

Surová D, Surový P, Ribeiro NA, Pinto-Correia (2011) Integration of landscape preferences to support the multifunctional management of the Montado system. Agroforest Syst. doi:10.1007/s10457-011-9373-8

Tellería JL (2001) Passerine bird communities of Iberian dehesas: a review. Anim Biodivers Conserv 24:67–78

Terwan P, Ritchie M, van der Weijden W, Verschuur W, Joannides J (2004) Values of agrarian landscapes across Europe and North America. Centre for Agriculture and Environment, Renewing the Countryside, Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy

Vargas JD, Calvo JC, Aparicio MA (1995) Red deer (Cervus elaphus hispanicus) management in the dehesa system in central Extremadura, Spain. Agroforest Syst 29:77–89. doi:10.1007/BF00711283