Historical Overfishing and the Recent Collapse of Coastal Ecosystems
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Cod body length for samples older than 50 years was derived from cod vertebrae collected at the Turner Farm shell midden North Haven Maine. Five occupations are recognized: Occupations 1 (5300 to 4900 yr B.P.) 2 (4500 to 4200 yr B.P.) 3 (3700 to 3500 yr B.P.) and 4 (= Ceramic Period 3000 to 1000 yr B.P.) and Plow Zone (mixed from earlier occupations but mostly postdating 1000 yr B.P.). Regression of body length on vertebra diameter of living cod allowed estimation of body lengths from vertebrae of ancient cod [ y = 61.0 + 204.6log( x )]. This model assumes that we are using the largest vertebra for each fish and will therefore tend to underestimate actual body size in cases where smaller vertebrae are used. Data from the past 50 years are actual body lengths reported from coastal zones [
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Percent Caribbean localities with A. palmata or A. cervicornis as the dominant or codominant corals were derived from 50 studies from Antigua Bahamas Barbados Belize Bonaire Cayman Islands Colombia Dominican Republic Florida Haiti Jamaica Mexico Netherlands Antilles Panama Puerto Rico and U.S. Virgin Islands. Studies contained either paleoecological data from outcrops of fossil reefs or from sediment cores or ecological data. For A. palmata only localities described as reef crest or between 0- and 10-m water depth were included (131 localities). For A. cervicornis only localities described as forereef reef slope or between 10- and 20-m water depth were included (72 localities). Leeward and windward environments were not distinguished. The percentage of localities that contained A. palmata or A. cervicornis as the most abundant coral was estimated for four time intervals: Late Pleistocene (before humans arrived in the Americas) Holocene (when only aboriginal populations were present) pre-1983 (before the mass mortality of Diadema antillarum ) and post-1983 (after the Diadema mortality).
We dedicate this paper to the memory of Mia Tegner who died while diving after this paper was submitted. This work was conducted as part of the Long-Term Ecological Records of Marine Environments Populations and Communities Working Group supported by the National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis (funded by NSF grant DEB-0072909 the University of California and the University of California Santa Barbara). Additional support was also provided for the Postdoctoral Associate MXK in the Group. L.W.B. was also supported by NSF grant OCE-9711448. We thank A. Bolten S. Cooper N. Knowlton B. Mitterdorfer E. Sala and two anonymous reviewers for discussions and comments on the manuscript.