Physico−chemical, respiratory and fungicide residue changes in wax coated mandarin fruit stored at chilling temperature with intermittent warming
Tóm tắt
Influence of chilling temperature, intermittent warming (IW) and fungicidal wax coating was evaluated during storage of ‘Nagpur’ mandarins (Citrus reticulata Blanco). Fruits were light green coloured with slight colour-break at the start of storage. Waxed and non-waxed fruits were stored at 3.5 °C (constant), 2 weeks at 3.5 °C followed by IW for 1 week at 19.5 °C (cycle) and at 6.5 °C (constant), and were evaluated immediately after 30, 45, 60, 75 days and also after 1 week holding at ambient condition (24 ± 2 °C, 60–70% RH). There was no chilling injury to fruit under IW treatment irrespective of coating. At 3.5 °C (constant) chilling injury appeared after 45 days during 1 week holding and thereafter increased at each storage interval. Wax coated fruit had lower chilling injury. Fruit under IW treatment and at 6.5 °C (constant) developed yellow-orange colour while at 3.5 °C (constant) fruit remained green during storage. Juice content, titratable acidity and ascorbic acid contents were not affected by temperature regimes and waxing while total soluble solids content was higher with IW treatment. Reducing and total sugars were higher in fruits stored at IW treatment and at 6.5 °C (constant) than at 3.5 °C (constant). Total peel phenols content were not significantly affected by waxing and temperature regimes. However, loss of phenols content was higher at 3.5 °C (constant). Phenol content decreased during storage. At 3.5 °C (constant), chlorophyll (‘a’, ‘b’ and total) content in peel was maximum while total carotenoids were minimum with little colour development. Rapid colour development was recorded under IW and also at 1 week holding. Wax coating delayed colour development at 3.5 °C (constant). Initially carbendazim residues were higher in peel (4.0 ppm) and pulp (3.2 ppm) of waxed fruit than in non-waxed (3.2 ppm in peel and 3.1 ppm in pulp) fruit. Overall drop in residues till storage up to 75 days+ 1 week over the initial values was 80.2–85.6% in peel and 56.2–75.8% in pulp of waxed and non-waxed fruit, respectively. Respiration was lower in waxed fruit. Respiratory rate was lowest at 3.5 °C (constant) and it changed with IW. At 3.5 °C and 6.5 °C (constant), range of respiration was 4–6 mgCO2/kg/h and 7–9 mgCO2/kg/h, respectively in waxed and non-waxed fruit. Respiratory rate increased as the fruit was removed to warmer temperature. Chilling injury caused considerable rise in respiration rate of fruit. Present findings indicated that storage life of ‘Nagpur’ mandarin can be extended up to 75 days at 3.5 °C with IW.
Tài liệu tham khảo
citation_title=Official methods of analysis; citation_publication_date=1985; citation_id=CR1; citation_publisher=Association of Official Analytical Chemists
citation_journal_title=J Food Sci Technol; citation_title=Persistence and dissipation of carbendazim residues in mango after pre and post–harvest applications; citation_author=AK Bhattacharjee, BK Pandey, O Prakash; citation_volume=46; citation_publication_date=2009; citation_pages=347-349; citation_id=CR2
citation_journal_title=Phytochemistry; citation_title=α- and β galactosidase activity in juice of Valencia orange; citation_author=JK Burns; citation_volume=29; citation_publication_date=1990; citation_pages=2425-2429; citation_doi=10.1016/0031-9422(90)85160-H; citation_id=CR3
citation_journal_title=HortScience; citation_title=Reducing susceptibility of grapefruit to chilling injury during cold treatment; citation_author=E Chalutz, J Waks, M Sciffman-Nadel; citation_volume=20; citation_publication_date=1985; citation_pages=226-228; citation_id=CR4
citation_journal_title=HortScience; citation_title=Effect of coating application on chilling injury of grapefruit cultivars; citation_author=H Dou; citation_volume=39; citation_publication_date=2004; citation_pages=558-561; citation_id=CR5
citation_journal_title=Anal Chem; citation_title=Colorimetric methods of determination of sugars and related substances; citation_author=M Dubois, KA Gillies, JK Hamilton, FA Reber, F Smith; citation_volume=28; citation_publication_date=1956; citation_pages=330-335; citation_doi=10.1021/ac60111a017; citation_id=CR6
citation_journal_title=Pl Physiol; citation_title=Physiological studies of chilling injury in citrus fruits; citation_author=IL Eaks; citation_volume=35; citation_publication_date=1960; citation_pages=632-635; citation_doi=10.1104/pp.35.5.632; citation_id=CR7
citation_journal_title=J Food Sci; citation_title=Effect of temperature and holding period on some physical and chemical characteristics of lemon fruits; citation_author=IL Eaks; citation_volume=26; citation_publication_date=1961; citation_pages=593-599; citation_doi=10.1111/j.1365-2621.1961.tb00801.x; citation_id=CR8
citation_journal_title=J Am Soc Hortic Sci; citation_title=Effect of chilling on respiration and volatiles of California lemon fruit; citation_author=IL Eaks; citation_volume=105; citation_publication_date=1980; citation_pages=865-869; citation_id=CR9
citation_journal_title=Pl Physiol; citation_title=Oxidative activity of mitochondria isolated from plant tissues sensitive and resistant to chilling injury; citation_author=IL Eaks, JK Raison; citation_volume=45; citation_publication_date=1970; citation_pages=386-389; citation_doi=10.1104/pp.45.4.386; citation_id=CR10
citation_journal_title=HortScience; citation_title=Sugars unrelated to Brix changes in stored citrus fruits; citation_author=E Echeverria, M Ismail; citation_volume=25; citation_publication_date=1990; citation_pages=710-711; citation_id=CR11
citation_journal_title=Alexandria J Agric Res; citation_title=Eliminating chilling injury of citrus fruit by pre-harvest proline foliar sprays; citation_author=TM Ezz; citation_volume=44; citation_publication_date=1999; citation_pages=213-225; citation_id=CR12
citation_journal_title=J Am Soc Hortic Sci; citation_title=Hot water and elevated CO2 effects on proline and other compositional changes in relation to post-harvest chilling injury of Marsh grapefruit; citation_author=TM Ezz, MA Ritenour, JK Brecht; citation_volume=129; citation_publication_date=2004; citation_pages=578-582; citation_id=CR13
citation_journal_title=J Food Sci Technol; citation_title=Effect of post harvest treatment on cellulase activity and quality of ber fruits under cold storage; citation_author=SK Jawandha, JS Randhawa, BVC Mahajan, PPS Gill; citation_volume=46; citation_publication_date=2009; citation_pages=87-88; citation_id=CR14
citation_journal_title=J Food Sci Technol; citation_title=Response of ‘Kagzi’acid lime to low temperature regimes during storage; citation_author=MS Ladaniya; citation_volume=41; citation_publication_date=2004; citation_pages=284-288; citation_id=CR15
citation_journal_title=J Food Sci Technol; citation_title=Standardization of temperature for long term refrigerated storage of ‘Mosambi’ sweet orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck); citation_author=MS Ladaniya; citation_volume=41; citation_publication_date=2004; citation_pages=692-695; citation_id=CR16
citation_journal_title=J Food Sci Technol; citation_title=Quality and carbendazim residues of ‘Nagpur’ mandarin fruit in modified atmosphere package; citation_author=MS Ladaniya; citation_volume=44; citation_publication_date=2007; citation_pages=85-89; citation_id=CR17
citation_journal_title=Indian J Agric Sci; citation_title=Influence of temperature and fruit maturity on ‘Nagpur’ mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) in storage; citation_author=MS Ladaniya, RK Sonkar; citation_volume=66; citation_publication_date=1996; citation_pages=109-113; citation_id=CR18
citation_journal_title=Indian J Hortic; citation_title=Sub-optimum low temperature storage of ‘Nagpur’ mandarin as influenced by wax coating and intermittent warming; citation_author=MS Ladaniya, S Singh, B Mahalle; citation_volume=62; citation_publication_date=2005; citation_pages=1-7; citation_id=CR19
citation_journal_title=J Food Sci Technol; citation_title=Effect of pre-storage treatments and packaging on storage behaviour and quality of Kinnow mandarin; citation_author=BVC Mahajan, AS Dhatt, S Kumar, L Manohar; citation_volume=43; citation_publication_date=2006; citation_pages=589-593; citation_id=CR20
citation_journal_title=HortScience; citation_title=Electrolyte leakage, respiration and ethylene production as indices of chilling injury in grapefruit; citation_author=TG McCollum, RE McDonald; citation_volume=26; citation_publication_date=1991; citation_pages=1191-1192; citation_id=CR21
citation_journal_title=HortScience; citation_title=Effects of vegetable oils, CO2 and film wrapping on chilling injury and decay of lemon; citation_author=RE McDonald; citation_volume=21; citation_publication_date=1986; citation_pages=261-266; citation_id=CR22
citation_journal_title=J Am Soc Hortic Sci; citation_title=Temperature conditioning and surface treatments of grapefruits affect expression of chilling injury and gas diffusion; citation_author=RE McDonald, TG McCollum, HE Nordby; citation_volume=118; citation_publication_date=1993; citation_pages=490-496; citation_id=CR23
citation_journal_title=HortScience; citation_title=Soluble sugars and respiration of flavedo tissue of grapefruit stored at low temperatures; citation_author=AC Purvis; citation_volume=24; citation_publication_date=1989; citation_pages=320-322; citation_id=CR24
citation_journal_title=J Am Soc Hortic Sci; citation_title=Accumulation of reducing sugars and resistance of grapefruit peel to chilling injury as related to winter temperatures; citation_author=AC Purvis, W Grierson; citation_volume=107; citation_publication_date=1982; citation_pages=137-142; citation_id=CR25
citation_journal_title=Phytochem; citation_title=Low temperature induction of invertase activity in grapefruit flavedo tissue; citation_author=AC Purvis, JD Rice; citation_volume=22; citation_publication_date=1983; citation_pages=831-834; citation_doi=10.1016/0031-9422(83)85007-9; citation_id=CR26
citation_journal_title=J Biol Chem; citation_title=Temperature induced changes in mitochondrial membranes detected by spin labeling; citation_author=JK Raison, JM Lyons, RJ Mehlhorn, AD Keith; citation_volume=246; citation_publication_date=1971; citation_pages=4036-4040; citation_id=CR27
Sadasivam S, Manickam A (1996) Biochemical methods. 2nd edn, New Age International Pvt. Ltd and Tamilnadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, pp 190–191
citation_journal_title=J Am Soc Hortic Sci; citation_title=Reduction of chilling injury in grapefruit by thiabendazole and benomyl during long term storage; citation_author=M Schiffman-Nadel, E Chalutz, Y Waks, M Dagan; citation_volume=100; citation_publication_date=1975; citation_pages=270-272; citation_id=CR29
citation_journal_title=HortScience; citation_title=Towards a comprehensive model for lipid peroxidation in plant tissue disorders; citation_author=RC Shewfelt, AC Purvis; citation_volume=30; citation_publication_date=1995; citation_pages=213-218; citation_id=CR30
citation_title=Citrus fruits and their products: analysis and technology; citation_publication_date=1986; citation_id=CR31; citation_author=SV Ting; citation_author=RL Rouseff; citation_publisher=Marcel Dekker Inc
citation_journal_title=Pesticides; citation_title=Colorimetric determination of carbendazim; citation_author=UM Vaidya, SC Bannerjee; citation_volume=18; citation_issue=3; citation_publication_date=1984; citation_pages=17-18; citation_id=CR32
citation_journal_title=J Am Soc Hortic Sci; citation_title=Respiration, internal atmosphere and ethylene evolution of citrus fruits; citation_author=HM Vines, W Grierson, GJ Edwards; citation_volume=92; citation_publication_date=1968; citation_pages=227-234; citation_id=CR33
citation_journal_title=Hortic Rev; citation_title=Approaches to reduce chilling injury of fruits and vegetables; citation_author=CY Wang; citation_volume=15; citation_publication_date=1993; citation_pages=63-95; citation_id=CR34
citation_journal_title=Pl Physiol; citation_title=Chilling induced ethylene production in cucumbers; citation_author=CY Wang, DO Adams; citation_volume=89; citation_publication_date=1982; citation_pages=424-427; citation_doi=10.1104/pp.69.2.424; citation_id=CR35
citation_journal_title=J Am Soc Hortic Sci; citation_title=Optimum temperature and ethylene concentrations for post-harvest development of carotene pigments in citrus; citation_author=TA Wheaton, I Stewart; citation_volume=98; citation_publication_date=1973; citation_pages=337-348; citation_id=CR36