Self-organization of intracellular gradients during mitosis

Niethammer P, Bastiaens P, Karsenti E: Stathmin-tubulin interaction gradients in motile and mitotic cells. Science 2004,303(5665):1862–6. 10.1126/science.1094108 Kaláb P, Pralle A, Isacoff EY, Heald R, Weis K: Analysis of a RanGTP-regulated gradient in mitotic somatic cells. Nature 2006,440(7084):697–701. 10.1038/nature04589 Fuller BG, Lampson MA, Foley EA, Rosasco-Nitcher S, Le KV, Tobelmann P, Brautigan DL, Stukenberg PT, Kapoor TM: Midzone activation of aurora B in anaphase produces an intracellular phosphorylation gradient. Nature 2008,453(7198):1132–6. 10.1038/nature06923 Kalab P, Weis K, Heald R: Visualization of a Ran-GTP gradient in interphase and mitotic Xenopus egg extracts. Science 2002,295(5564):2452–6. 10.1126/science.1068798 Gadde S, Heald R: Mechanisms and molecules of the mitotic spindle. Curr Biol 2004,14(18):R797–805. 10.1016/j.cub.2004.09.021 Clarke PR: Cell biology. A gradient signal orchestrates the mitotic spindle. Science 2005,309(5739):1334–5. 10.1126/science.1117842 Caudron M, Bunt G, Bastiaens P, Karsenti E: Spatial coordination of spindle assembly by chromosome-mediated signaling gradients. Science 2005,309(5739):1373–6. 10.1126/science.1115964 Dinarina A, Pugieux C, Corral MM, Loose M, Spatz J, Karsenti E, Nédélec F: Chromatin shapes the mitotic spindle. Cell 2009,138(3):502–13. 10.1016/j.cell.2009.05.027 Kant E: Critique de la Faculté de Juger . (Gallimard, Paris, 1985) (French) Karsenti E: Self-organization in cell biology: a brief history. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2008,9(3):255–62. 10.1038/nrm2357 Bastiaens P, Caudron M, Niethammer P, Karsenti E: Gradients in the self-organization of the mitotic spindle. Trends Cell Biol 2006,16(3):125–3. 10.1016/j.tcb.2006.01.005 Desai A, Mitchison TJ: Microtubule polymerization dynamics. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 1997, 13: 83–117. Review 10.1146/annurev.cellbio.13.1.83 Goshima G, Nédélec F, Vale RD: Mechanisms for focusing mitotic spindle poles by minus end-directed motor proteins. J Cell Biol 2005,171(2):229–40. 10.1083/jcb.200505107 Karsenti E, Vernos I: The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 2001,294(5542):543–7. Review 10.1126/science.1063488 Walczak CE, Heald R: Mechanisms of mitotic spindle assembly and function. Int Rev Cytol 2008, 265: 111–58. Review full_text Ephrussi A, St Johnston D: Seeing is believing: the bicoid morphogen gradient matures. Cell 2004,116(2):143–52. Review 10.1016/S0092-8674(04)00037-6 Kalab P, Heald R: The RanGTP gradient - a GPS for the mitotic spindle. J Cell Sci 2008,121(Pt 10):1577–86. 10.1242/jcs.005959 Mora-Bermúdez F, Gerlich D, Ellenberg J: Maximal chromosome compaction occurs by axial shortening in anaphase and depends on Aurora kinase. Nat Cell Biol 2007,9(7):822–31. 10.1038/ncb1606 Sawin KE: Cell cycle: Cell division brought down to size. Nature 2009,459(7248):782–3. 10.1038/459782a Brown GC, Kholodenko BN: Spatial gradients of cellular phospho-proteins. FEBS Lett 1999,457(3):452–4. 10.1016/S0014-5793(99)01058-3 Kholodenko BN: Cell-signalling dynamics in time and space. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2006,7(3):165–76. Review 10.1038/nrm1838 Meyers J, Craig J, Odde DJ: Potential for control of signaling pathways via cell size and shape. Curr Biol 2006,16(17):1685–93. 10.1016/j.cub.2006.07.056 Wolpert L: Positional information and the spatial pattern of cellular differentiation. J Theor Biol 1969,25(1):1–47. 10.1016/S0022-5193(69)80016-0 Turing AM: The chemical basis of morphogenesis. Philos Trans R Soc Lond 1952, B 237: 37–72. 10.1098/rstb.1952.0012 Castets VV, Dulos E, Boissonade J, De Kepper P: Experimental evidence of a sustained standing Turing-type nonequilibrium chemical pattern. Phys Rev Lett 1990,64(24):2953–2956. 10.1103/PhysRevLett.64.2953 Murray JD: Mathematical Biology. In II: Spatial Models and Biomedical Applications. 3rd edition. Berlin Hiedleberg, Springer-Verlag; 2003. Kondo S, Asai R: A reaction-diffusion wave on the marine angelfish Pomacanthus. Nature 1995, 376: 765–768. 10.1038/376765a0 Kondo S, Iwashita M, Yamaguchi M: How animals get their skin patterns: fish pigment pattern as a live Turing wave. Int JDev Biol 2009,53(5–6):851–6. Review 10.1387/ijdb.072502sk Strier DE, Ponce Dawson S: Turing patterns inside cells. PLoS One 2007,2(10):e1053. 10.1371/journal.pone.0001053 Gierer A, Meinhardt H: A theory of biological pattern formation. Kybernetik 1972,12(1):30–9. 10.1007/BF00289234 Meinhardt H, Greier A: Pattern formation by local self-activation and lateral inhibition. Bioessays 2000, 22: 753–60. 10.1002/1521-1878(200008)22:8<753::AID-BIES9>3.0.CO;2-Z Meinhardt H: Models of biological pattern formation: from elementary steps to the organization of embryonic axes. Curr Top Dev Biol 2008, 81: 1–63. Review full_text McGregor AP: How to get ahead: the origin, evolution and function of bicoid Bioessays. 2005,27(9):904–13. Review Lewis J: From signals to patterns: space, time, and mathematics in developmental biology. Science 2008,322(5900):399–403. Review 10.1126/science.1166154 Bähler J, Pringle JR: Pom1p, a fission yeast protein kinase that provides positional information for both polarized growth and cytokinesis. Genes Dev 1998,12(9):1356–70. 10.1101/gad.12.9.1356 Celton-Morizur S, Racine V, Sibarita JB, Paoletti A: Pom1 kinase links division plane position to cell polarity by regulating Mid1p cortical distribution. J Cell Sci 2006,119(Pt 22):4710–8. 10.1242/jcs.03261 Martin SG, Berthelot-Grosjean M: Polar gradients of the DYRK-family kinase Pom1 couple cell length with the cell cycle. Nature 2009,459(7248):852–6. 10.1038/nature08054 Moseley JB, Mayeux A, Paoletti A, Nurse P: A spatial gradient coordinates cell size and mitotic entry in fission yeast. Nature 2009,459(7248):857–60. 10.1038/nature08074 Mistry SJ, Atweh GF: Role of stathmin in the regulation of the mitotic spindle: potential applications in cancer therapy. Mt Sinai J Med 2002,69(5):299–304. Review Rubin CI, Atweh GF: The role of stathmin in the regulation of the cell cycle. J Cell Biochem 2004,93(2):242–50. Review 10.1002/jcb.20187 Carlier MF: Measurements of stathmin-tubulin interaction in solution. Methods Mol Med 2007, 137: 103–10. Review full_text Gadea BB, Ruderman JV: Aurora B is required for mitotic chromatin-induced phosphorylation of Op18/Stathmin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006,103(12):4493–8. 10.1073/pnas.0600702103 Rosasco-Nitcher SE, Lan W, Khorasanizadeh S, Stukenberg PT: Centromeric Aurora-B activation requires TD-60, microtubules, and substrate priming phosphorylation. Science 2008,319(5862):469–72. 10.1126/science.1148980 Murata-Hori M, Tatsuka M, Wang YL: Probing the dynamics and functions of aurora B kinase in living cells during mitosis and cytokinesis. Mol Biol Cell 2002,13(4):1099–108. 10.1091/mbc.01-09-0467 Tournebize R, Andersen SS, Verde F, Dorée M, Karsenti E, Hyman AA: Distinct roles of PP1 and PP2A-like phosphatases in control of microtubule dynamics during mitosis. EMBO J 1997,16(18):5537–49. 10.1093/emboj/16.18.5537 Clarke PR, Zhang C: Spatial and temporal coordination of mitosis by Ran GTPase. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2008,9(6):464–77. 10.1038/nrm2410 Ouspenski II, Mueller UW, Matynia A, Sazer S, Elledge SJ, Brinkley BR: Ran-binding protein-1 is an essential component of the Ran/RCC1 molecular switch system in budding yeast. J Biol Chem 1995,270(5):1975–8. 10.1074/jbc.270.5.1975 Kalab P, Pu RT, Dasso M: The ran GTPase regulates mitotic spindle assembly. Curr Biol 1999,9(9):481–4. 10.1016/S0960-9822(99)80213-9 Zhang C, Hughes M, Clarke PR: Ran-GTP stabilises microtubule asters and inhibits nuclear assembly in Xenopus egg extracts. J Cell Sci 1999,112(Pt 14):2453–61. Wilde A, Zheng Y: Stimulation of microtubule aster formation and spindle assembly by the small GTPase Ran. Science 1999,284(5418):1359–62. 10.1126/science.284.5418.1359 Gruss OJ, Carazo-Salas RE, Schatz CA, Guarguaglini G, Kast J, Wilm M, Le Bot N, Vernos I, Karsenti E, Mattaj IW: Ran induces spindle assembly by reversing the inhibitory effect of importin alpha on TPX2 activity. Cell 2001,104(1):83–93. 10.1016/S0092-8674(01)00193-3 Wilde A, Lizarraga SB, Zhang L, Wiese C, Gliksman NR, Walczak CE, Zheng Y: Ran stimulates spindle assembly by altering microtubule dynamics and the balance of motor activities. Nat Cell Biol 2001,3(3):221–7. 10.1038/35060000 Dogterom M, Félix MA, Guet CC, Leibler S: Influence of M-phase chromatin on the anisotropy of microtubule asters. J Cell Biol 1996,133(1):125–40. 10.1083/jcb.133.1.125 Renault L, Nassar N, Vetter I, Becker J, Klebe C, Roth M, Wittinghofer A: The 1.7 A crystal structure of the regulator of chromosome condensation (RCC1) reveals a seven-bladed propeller. Nature 1998,392(6671):97–101. 10.1038/32204 Li HY, Wirtz D, Zheng Y: A mechanism of coupling RCC1 mobility to RanGTP production on the chromatin in vivo. J Cell Biol 2003,160(5):635–44. 10.1083/jcb.200211004 Nemergut ME, Mizzen CA, Stukenberg T, Allis CD, Macara IG: Chromatin docking and exchange activity enhancement of RCC1 by histones H2A and H2B. Science 2001,292(5521):1540–3. 10.1126/science.292.5521.1540 Hutchins JR, Moore WJ, Hood FE, Wilson JS, Andrews PD, Swedlow JR, Clarke PR: Phosphorylation regulates the dynamic interaction of RCC1 with chromosomes during mitosis. Curr Biol 2004,14(12):1099–104. 10.1016/j.cub.2004.05.021 Hood FE, Clarke PR: RCC1 isoforms differ in their affinity for chromatin, molecular interactions and regulation by phosphorylation. J Cell Sci 2007,120(Pt 19):3436–45. 10.1242/jcs.009092 Chen T, Muratore TL, Schaner-Tooley CE, Shabanowitz J, Hunt DF, Macara IG: N-terminal alpha-methylation of RCC1 is necessary for stable chromatin association and normal mitosis. Nat Cell Biol 2007,9(5):596–603. 10.1038/ncb1572 Hao Y, Macara IG: Regulation of chromatin binding by a conformational switch in the tail of the Ran exchange factor RCC1. J Cell Biol 2008,182(5):827–36. 10.1083/jcb.200803110 Turner JG, Sullivan DM: CRM1-mediated nuclear export of proteins and drug resistance in cancer. Curr Med Chem 2008,15(26):2648–55. Review 10.2174/092986708786242859 Arnaoutov A, Azuma Y, Ribbeck K, Joseph J, Boyarchuk Y, Karpova T, McNally J, Dasso M: Crm1 is a mitotic effector of Ran-GTP in somatic cells. Nat Cell Biol 2005,7(6):626–32. 10.1038/ncb1263 Glotzer M: The molecular requirements for cytokinesis. Science 2005,307(5716):1735–9. Review 10.1126/science.1096896 de Gramont A, Cohen-Fix O: The many phases of anaphase. Trends Biochem Sci 2005,30(10):559–68. Review 10.1016/j.tibs.2005.08.008 Wang YL: The mechanism of cortical ingression during early cytokinesis: thinking beyond the contractile ring hypothesis. Trends Cell Biol 2005,15(11):581–8. 10.1016/j.tcb.2005.09.006 Nasmyth K: How might cohesin hold sister chromatids together? Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2005,360(1455):483–96. Review 10.1098/rstb.2004.1604 Guacci V: Sister chromatid cohesion: the cohesin cleavage model does not ring true. Genes Cells 2007,12(6):693–708. Review Uhlmann F: What is your assay for sister-chromatid cohesion? EMBO J 2007,26(22):4609–18. 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601898 Wu JQ, Guo JY, Tang W, Yang CS, Freel CD, Chen C, Nairn AC, Kornbluth S: PP1-mediated dephosphorylation of phosphoproteins at mitotic exit is controlled by inhibitor-1 and PP1 phosphorylation. NatCell Biol 2009,11(5):644–51. Brust-Mascher I, Scholey JM: Mitotic spindle dynamics in Drosophila. Int Rev Cytol 2007, 259: 139–72. Review full_text Cheerambathur DK, Civelekoglu-Scholey G, Brust-Mascher I, Sommi P, Mogilner A, Scholey JM: Quantitative analysis of an anaphase B switch: predicted role for a microtubule catastrophe gradient. J Cell Biol 2007,177(6):995–1004. 10.1083/jcb.200611113 Rogers GC, Rogers SL, Schwimmer TA, Ems-McClung SC, Walczak CE, Vale RD, Scholey JM, Sharp DJ: Two mitotic kinesins cooperate to drive sister chromatid separation during anaphase. Nature 2004,427(6972):364–70. 10.1038/nature02256 Matos I, Pereira AJ, Lince-Faria M, Cameron LA, Salmon ED, Maiato H: Synchronizing chromosome segregation by flux-dependent force equalization at kinetochores. J Cell Biol 2009,186(1):11–26. 10.1083/jcb.200904153 Glotzer M: The 3Ms of central spindle assembly: microtubules, motors and MAPs. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2009,10(1):9–20. Review 10.1038/nrm2609 Bement WM, Benink HA, von Dassow G: A microtubule-dependent zone of active RhoA during cleavage plane specification. J Cell Biol 2005,170(1):91–101. 10.1083/jcb.200501131 Ruchaud S, Carmena M, Earnshaw WC: Chromosomal passengers: conducting cell division. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2007,8(10):798–812. Review 10.1038/nrm2257 Brust-Mascher I, Civelekoglu-Scholey G, Kwon M, Mogilner A, Scholey JM: Model for anaphase B: role of three mitotic motors in a switch from poleward flux to spindle elongation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004,101(45):15938–43. 10.1073/pnas.0407044101 Murata-Hori M, Wang YL: Both midzone and astral microtubules are involved in the delivery of cytokinesis signals: insights from the mobility of Aurora B. J Cell Biol 2002,159(1):45–53. 10.1083/jcb.200207014 Bringmann H: Mechanical and genetic separation of aster- and midzone-positioned cytokinesis. Biochem Soc Trans 2008,36(Pt 3):381–3. 10.1042/BST0360381 Burkard ME, Maciejowski J, Rodriguez-Bravo V, Repka M, Lowery DM, Clauser KR, Zhang C, Shokat KM, Carr SA, Yaffe MB, Jallepalli PV: Plk1 self-organization and priming phosphorylation of HsCYK-4 at the spindle midzone regulate the onset of division in human cells. PLoS Biol 2009,7(5):e1000111. 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000111 Werner M, Glotzer M: Control of cortical contractility during cytokinesis. Biochem Soc Trans 2008,36(Pt 3):371–7. Review 10.1042/BST0360371 Schumacher JM, Golden A, Donovan PJ: AIR-2, An Aurora/Ipl1-elated protein kinase associated with chromosomes and midbody microtubules is required for polar body extrusion and cytokinesis in Caenorhabditis elegans embryos. J Cell Biol 1998,143(6):1635–1646. 10.1083/jcb.143.6.1635 Mishima M, Kaitna S, Glotzer M: Central spindle assembly and cytokinesis require a kinesin-like protein/RhoGAP complex with microtubule bundling activity. Dev Cell 2002,2(1):41–54. 10.1016/S1534-5807(01)00110-1 Murata-Hori M, Tatsuka M, Wang YL: Probing the dynamics and functions of Aurora B kinase in living cells during mitosis and cytokinesis. Mol Biol Cell 2002,13(4):1099–108. 10.1091/mbc.01-09-0467 Hauf S, Cole RW, LaTerra S, Zimmer C, Schnapp G, Walter R, Heckel A, van Meel J, Rieder CL, Peters JM: The small molecule Hesperadin reveals maintaining the spindle assembly checkpoint. J Cell Biol 2003,161(2):281–94. 10.1083/jcb.200208092 Guse A, Mishima M, Glotzer M: Phosphorylation of ZEN-4/MKLP1 by aurora B regulates completion of cytokinesis. Curr Biol 2005,15(8):778–86. 10.1016/j.cub.2005.03.041 Yokoyama T, Goto H, Izawa I, Mizutani H, Inagaki M: Aurora-B and Rho-kinase/ROCK, the two cleavage furrow kinases, independently regulate the progression of cytokinesis: possible existence of a novel cleavage furrow kinase phosphorylates ezrin/radixin/moesin (ERM). Genes Cells 2005,10(2):127–37. 10.1111/j.1365-2443.2005.00824.x Yabe T, Ge X, Lindeman R, Nair S, Runke G, Mullins MC, Pelegri F: The maternal-effect gene cellular island encodes aurora B kinase and is essential for furrow formation in the early zebrafish embryo. PLoS Genet 2009,5(6):e1000518. 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000518 Steigemann P, Wurzenberger C, Schmitz MH, Held M, Guizetti J, Maar S, Gerlich DW: Aurora B-mediated abscission checkpoint protects against tetraploidization. Cell 2009,136(3):473–84. 10.1016/j.cell.2008.12.020 Eckley DM, Ainsztein AM, Mackay AM, Goldberg IG, Earnshaw WC: Chromosomal proteins and cytokinesis: patterns of cleavage furrow formation and inner centromere protein positioning in mitotic heterokaryons and mid-anaphase cells. J Cell Biol 1997,136(6):1169–83. 10.1083/jcb.136.6.1169 Zhu C, Bossy-Wetzel E, Jiang W: Recruitment of MKLP1 to the spindle midzone/midbody by INCENP is essential for midbody formation and completion of cytokinesis in human cells. Biochem J 2005,389(Pt 2):373–81. Jeyaprakash AA, Klein UR, Lindner D, Ebert J, Nigg EA, Conti E: Structure of a Survivin-Borealin-INCENP core complex reveals how chromosomal passengers travel together. Cell 2007,131(2):271–85. 10.1016/j.cell.2007.07.045 Ruchaud S, Carmena M, Earnshaw WC: The chromosomal passenger complex: one for all and all for one. Cell 2007,131(2):230–1. 10.1016/j.cell.2007.10.002 Sampath SC, Ohi R, Leismann O, Salic A, Pozniakovski A, Funabiki H: The chromosomal passenger complex is required for chromatin-induced microtubule stabilization and spindle assembly. Cell 2004,118(2):187–202. 10.1016/j.cell.2004.06.026 Yue Z, Carvalho A, Xu Z, Yuan X, Cardinale S, Ribeiro S, Lai F, Ogawa H, Gudmundsdottir E, Gassmann R, Morrison CG, Ruchaud S, Earnshaw WC: comprehensive genetic analysis of Survivin function by conditional knockout in a vertebrate cell line. J Cell Biol 2008,183(2):279–96. 10.1083/jcb.200806118 Honda R, Körner R, Nigg EA: Exploring the functional interactions between Aurora B, INCENP, and survivin in mitosis. Mol Biol Cell 2003,14(8):3325–41. 10.1091/mbc.E02-11-0769 Vagnarelli P, Earnshaw WC: Chromosomal passengers: the four-dimensional regulation of mitotic events. Chromosoma 2004,113(5):211–22. Epub 2004 Sep 4. Review 10.1007/s00412-004-0307-3 Bishop JD, Schumacher JM: Phosphorylation of the carboxyl terminus of inner centromere protein (INCENP) by the Aurora B Kinase stimulates Aurora B kinase activity. J Biol Chem 2002,277(31):27577–80. 10.1074/jbc.C200307200 Sessa F, Mapelli M, Ciferri C, Tarricone C, Areces LB, Schneider TR, Stukenberg PT, Musacchio A: Mechanism of Aurora B activation by INCENP and inhibition by hesperadin. Mol Cell 2005,18(3):379–91. 10.1016/j.molcel.2005.03.031 Gruneberg U, Neef R, Honda R, Nigg EA, Barr FA: Relocation of Aurora B from centromeres to the central spindle at the metaphase to anaphase transition requires MKlp2. J Cell Biol 2004,166(2):167–72. 10.1083/jcb.200403084 Su TT, Sprenger F, DiGregorio PJ, Campbell SD, O'Farrell PH: Exit from mitosis in Drosophila syncytial embryos requires proteolysis and cyclin degradation, and is associated with localized dephosphorylation. Genes Dev 1998,12(10):1495–503. 10.1101/gad.12.10.1495 Van Hooser A, Goodrich DW, Allis CD, Brinkley BR, Mancini MA: Histone H3 phosphorylation is required for the initiation, but not maintenance, of mammalian chromosome condensation. J CellSci 1998,111(Pt 23):3497–506. Kaitna S, Pasierbek P, Jantsch M, Loidl J, Glotzer M: The Aurora B kinase AIR-2 regulates kinetochores during mitosis and is required for separation of homologous Chromosomes during meiosis. Curr Biol 2002,12(10):798–812. 10.1016/S0960-9822(02)00820-5 Liu J, Lee KK, Segura-Totten M, Neufeld E, Wilson KL, Gruenbaum Y: MAN1 and emerin have overlapping function(s) essential for chromosome segregation and cell division in Caenorhabditis elegans. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003,100(8):4598–603. 10.1073/pnas.0730821100 Lan W, Zhang X, Kline-Smith SL, Rosasco SE, Barrett-Wilt GA, Shabanowitz J, Hunt DF, Walczak CE, Stukenberg : Aurora B phosphorylates centromeric MCAK and regulates its localization and microtubule depolymerization activity. Curr Biol 2004,14(4):273–86. PT Violin JD, Zhang J, Tsien RY, Newton AC: A genetically encoded fluorescent reporter reveals oscillatory phosphorylation by protein kinase C. J Cell Biol 2003,161(5):899–909. 10.1083/jcb.200302125 Canman JC, Cameron LA, Maddox PS, Straight A, Tirnauer JS, Mitchison TJ, Fang G, Kapoor TM, Salmon ED: Determining the position of the cell division plane. Nature 2003,424(6952):1074–8. 10.1038/nature01860 Hu CK, Coughlin M, Field CM, Mitchison TJ: Cell polarization during monopolar cytokinesis. J Cell Biol 2008,181(2):195–202. 10.1083/jcb.200711105 Goto H, Yasui Y, Nigg EA, Inagaki M: Aurora-B phosphorylates Histone H3 at serine28 with regard to the mitotic chromosome condensation. Genes Cells 2002,7(1):11–7. 10.1046/j.1356-9597.2001.00498.x Kelly AE, Sampath SC, Maniar TA, Woo EM, Chait BT, Funabiki H: Chromosomal enrichment and activation of the aurora B pathway are coupled to spatially regulate spindle assembly. Dev Cell 2007,12(1):31–43. 10.1016/j.devcel.2006.11.001 Söderberg O, Gullberg M, Jarvius M, Ridderstråle K, Leuchowius KJ, Jarvius J, Wester K, Hydbring P, Bahram F, Larsson LG, Landegren U: observation of individual endogenous protein complexes in situ by proximity ligation. Nat Methods 2006,3(12):995–1000. 10.1038/nmeth947 Yasui Y, Urano T, Kawajiri A, Nagata K, Tatsuka M, Saya H, Furukawa K, Takahashi T, Izawa I, Inagaki M: Autophosphorylation of a newly identified site of Aurora-B is indispensable for cytokinesis. J Biol Chem 2004,279(13):12997–300. 10.1074/jbc.M311128200 Ananthanarayanan B, Ni Q, Zhang J: Signal propagation from membrane messengers to nuclear effectors revealed by reporters of phosphoinositide dynamics and Akt activity. Proc Natl AcadSci USA 2005,102(42):15081–6. 10.1073/pnas.0502889102 Murnion ME, Adams RR, Callister DM, Allis CD, Earnshaw WC, Swedlow JR: Chromatin-associated protein phosphatase 1 regulates Aurora-B and histone H3 phosphorylation. J Biol Chem 2001,276(28):26656–65. 10.1074/jbc.M102288200 Sugiyama K, Sugiura K, Hara T, Sugimoto K, Shima H, Honda K, Furukawa K, Yamashita S, Urano T: Aurora-B associated proteinnphosphatases as negative regulators of kinase activation. Oncogene 2002,21(20):3103–11. 10.1038/sj.onc.1205432 Hendrickx A, Beullens M, Ceulemans H, Den Abt T, Van Eynde A, Nicolaescu E, Lesage B, Bollen M: Docking motif-guided mapping of the interactome of protein phosphatase. Chem Biol 2009,16(4):365–71. 10.1016/j.chembiol.2009.02.012 Neef R, Preisinger C, Sutcliffe J, Kopajtich R, Nigg EA, Mayer TU, Barr FA: Phosphorylation of mitotic kinesin-like protein 2 by polo-like kinase 1 is required for cytokinesis. J Cell Biol 2003,162(5):863–75. 10.1083/jcb.200306009 Ditchfield C, Johnson VL, Tighe A, Ellston R, Haworth C, Johnson T, Mortlock A, Keen N, Taylor SS: Aurora B couples chromosome alignment with anaphase by targeting BubR1, Mad2, and Cenp-E to kinetochores. J Cell Biol 2003,161(2):267–80. 10.1083/jcb.200208091 Wheatley SP, Hinchcliffe EH, Glotzer M, Hyman AA, Sluder G, Wang Y: CDK1 inactivation regulates anaphase spindle dynamics and cytokinesis in vivo. J Cell Biol 1997,138(2):385–93. 10.1083/jcb.138.2.385 Wheatley SP, Wang Y: Midzone microtubule bundles are continuously required for cytokinesis in cultured epithelial cells. J Cell Biol 1996,135(4):981–9. Erratum in: J Cell Biol 1996, 135(6 Pt 1):1679 10.1083/jcb.135.4.981 Rappaport R: Cytokinesis in Animal Cells. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge; 1996. Alsop GB, Zhang D: Microtubules continuously dictate distribution of actin filaments and positioning of cell cleavage in grasshopper spermatocytes. J Cell Sci 2004,117(Pt 8):1591–602. 10.1242/jcs.01007 Eckley DM, Ainsztein AM, Mackay AM, Goldberg IG, Earnshaw WC: Chromosomal proteins and cytokinesis: patterns of cleavage furrow formation and inner centromere protein positioning in mitotic heterokaryons and mid-anaphase cells. J Cell Biol 1997,136(6):1169–83. 10.1083/jcb.136.6.1169 Savoian MS, Earnshaw WC, Khodjakov A, Rieder CL: Cleavage furrows formed between centrosomes lacking an intervening spindle and chromosomes contain microtubule bundles, INCENP, and CHO1 but not CENP-E. Mol Biol Cell 1999,10(2):297–311. Petronczki M, Glotzer M, Kraut N, Peters JM: Polo-like kinase 1 triggers the initiation of cytokinesis in human cells by promoting recruitment of the RhoGEF Ect2 to the central spindle. Dev Cell 2007,12(5):713–25. 10.1016/j.devcel.2007.03.013 Yuce O, Piekny A, Glotzer M: An ECT2-centralspindlin complex regulates the localization and function of RhoA. J Cell Biol 2005,170(4):571–82. 10.1083/jcb.200501097 Wang W, Stukenberg PT, Brautigan DL: Phosphatase inhibitor-2 balances protein phosphatase 1 and aurora B kinase for chromosome segregation and cytokinesis in human retinal epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 2008,19(11):4852–62. 10.1091/mbc.E08-05-0460 Hsu JY, Sun ZW, Li X, Reuben M, Tatchell K, Bishop DK, Grushcow JM, Brame CJ, Caldwell JA, Hunt DF, Lin R, Smith MM, Allis CD: Mitotic phosphorylation of histone H3 is governed by Ipl1/Aurora kinase and Glc7/PP1 phosphatase in budding yeast and nematodes. Cell 2000,102(3):279–91. 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)00034-9 Bolton MA, Lan W, Powers SE, McCleland ML, Kuang J, Stukenberg PT: Aurora B kinase exists in a complex with survivin and INCENP and its kinase activity is stimulated by survivin binding and phosphorylation. Mol Biol Cell 2002,13(9):3064–77. 10.1091/mbc.E02-02-0092