Immunosenescence of ageing
Tóm tắt
Ageing is a complex process that negatively impacts the development of the immune system and its ability to function. The mechanisms that underlie these age‐related defects are broad and range from defects in the haematopoietic bone marrow to defects in peripheral lymphocyte migration, maturation and function. The thymus is a central lymphoid organ responsible for production of naïve T cells, which play a vital role in mediating both cellular and humoral immunity. Chronic involution of the thymus gland is thought to be one of the major contributing factors to loss of immune function with increasing age. It has recently been demonstrated that thymic atrophy is mediated by a shift from a stimulatory to a suppressive cytokine microenvironment. In this review we present an overview of the morphological, cellular and biochemical changes that have been implicated in the decline of thymic and peripheral immune function with ageing. We conclude with the clinical implications of age‐associated immunosenescence to vaccine development for tumours and infectious disease. A fundamental understanding of the complex mechanisms by which ageing attenuates immune function will enable translational research teams to develop new therapies and vaccines specifically aimed at overcoming these defects in immunological function in the aged. Copyright © 2007 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Wang CQ, 1995, Effect of age on marrow macrophage number and function, Aging (Milano), 7, 379
Goldsby RA, 1992, Immunology
Harrison DE, 1997, Relative to adult marrow, fetal liver repopulates nearly five times more effectively long‐term than short‐term, Exp Hematol, 25, 293
Haynes BF, 1986, The role of the thymic microenvironment in promotion of early stages of human T cell maturation, Clin Res, 34, 422
Haynes BF, 1990, Human thymic epithelium and T cell development: current issues and future directions, Thymus, 16, 143
Galy AH, 1993, Untransfected and SV40‐transfected fetal and postnatal human thymic stromal cells. Analysis of phenotype, cytokine gene expression and cytokine production, Thymus, 22, 13
Sokolov VV, 2003, (Age factors in architectonics of the splenic arterial vessels), Morfologiia, 124, 57
Sato H, 1998, The distribution, immune complex trapping ability and morphology of follicular dendritic cells in popliteal lymph nodes of aged rats, Histol Histopathol, 13, 99
Gann PH, 2002, Risk factors for prostate cancer, Rev Urol, 4, S3
Bridges CB, 2000, Prevention and control of influenza: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), Morb Mortal Wkly Rep Recomm Rep, 49, 1
2005, Update: influenza activity—United States, 2004–05 season, Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 54, 328