Baumgaertner MR, Curtin SL, Lindskog DM, Keggi JM: The value of the tip-apex distance in predicting failure of fixation of peritrochanteric fractures of the hip. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1995, 77 (7): 1058-1064.
Nordin S, Zulkifli O, Faisham WI: Mechanical failure of Dynamic Hip Screw (DHS) fixation in intertrochanteric fracture of the femur. Med J Malaysia. 2001, 56 (Suppl D): 12-17.
Davis TR, Sher JL, Horsman A, Simpson M, Porter BB, Checketts RG: Intertrochanteric femoral fractures. Mechanical failure after internal fixation. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1990, 72 (1): 26-31.
Kukla C, Heinz T, Gaebler C, Heinze G, Vecsei V: The standard Gamma nail: a critical analysis of 1,000 cases. J Trauma. 2001, 51 (1): 77-83. 10.1097/00005373-200107000-00012.
Utrilla AL, Reig JS, Munoz FM, Tufanisco CB: Trochanteric gamma nail and compression hip screw for trochanteric fractures: a randomized, prospective, comparative study in 210 elderly patients with a new design of the gamma nail. J Orthop Trauma. 2005, 19 (4): 229-233. 10.1097/01.bot.0000151819.95075.ad.
Wolfgang GL, Bryant MH, O'Neill JP: Treatment of intertrochanteric fracture of the femur using sliding screw plate fixation. Clin Orthop. 1982, 163: 148-158.
Simpson AH, Varty K, Dodd CA: Sliding hip screws: modes of failure. Injury. 1989, 20 (4): 227-231. 10.1016/0020-1383(89)90120-4.
Wu CC, Shih CH, Chen WJ, Tai CL: Treatment of cutout of a lag screw of a dynamic hip screw in an intertrochanteric fracture. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 1998, 117 (4–5): 193-196.
Bojan AJ, Beimel C, Speitling A, Taglang G, Ekholm C, Jonsson A: 3066 consecutive Gamma Nails. 12 years experience at a single centre. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2010, 11: 133-10.1186/1471-2474-11-133.
Garden RS: Low-angle fixation in fractures of the femoral neck. Journal Joint Bone Surg Br. 1961, 43-B (4): 647-663.
Kyle RF, Gustilo RB, Premer RF: Analysis of six hundred and twenty-two intertrochanteric hip fractures. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1979, 61 (2): 216-221.
Parker MJ: Cutting-out of the dynamic hip screw related to its position. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1992, 74 (4): 625-
Baumgaertner MR, Solberg BD: Awareness of tip-apex distance reduces failure of fixation of trochanteric fractures of the hip. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1997, 79 (6): 969-971. 10.1302/0301-620X.79B6.7949.
Brown RH, Burstein AH, Frankel VH: Telemetering in vivo loads from nail plate implants. J Biomech. 1982, 15 (11): 815-823. 10.1016/0021-9290(82)90046-X.
Bergmann G, Graichen F, Rohlmann A: Hip joint loading during walking and running, measured in two patients. J Biomech. 1993, 26 (8): 969-990. 10.1016/0021-9290(93)90058-M.
Sommers MB, Roth C, Hall H, Kam BC, Ehmke LW, Krieg JC, Madey SM, Bottlang M: A laboratory model to evaluate cutout resistance of implants for pertrochanteric fracture fixation. J Orthop Trauma. 2004, 18 (6): 361-368. 10.1097/00005131-200407000-00006.
Ehmke LW, Fitzpatrick DC, Krieg JC, Madey SM, Bottlang M: Lag screws for hip fracture fixation: evaluation of migration resistance under simulated walking. J Orthop Res. 2005, 23 (6): 1329-1335.
Heinz T, Vecsei V: [Complications and errors in use of the gamma nail. Causes and prevention]. Chirurg. 1994, 65 (11): 943-952.
Mulholland R, Gunn DR: Sliding screw plate fixation of intertrochanteric femoral fractures. J Trauma. 1972, 12 (7): 581-591. 10.1097/00005373-197207000-00006.
Davis J, Harris MB, Duval M, D'Ambrosia R: Pertrochanteric fractures treated with the Gamma nail: technique and report of early results. Orthopedics. 1991, 14 (9): 939-942.
Wu CC, Shih CH: Biomechanical analysis of the dynamic hip screw in the treatment of intertrochanteric fractures. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 1991, 110 (6): 307-310. 10.1007/BF00443464.
Wu CC, Shih CH, Lee MY, Tai CL: Biomechanical analysis of location of lag screw of a dynamic hip screw in treatment of unstable intertrochanteric fracture. J Trauma. 1996, 41 (4): 699-702. 10.1097/00005373-199610000-00017.
Mainds CC, Newman RJ: Implant failures in patients with proximal fractures of the femur treated with a sliding screw device. Injury. 1989, 20 (2): 98-100. 10.1016/0020-1383(89)90151-4.
Levi N, Ingles A, Klyver H, Iversen BF: Fracture of the femoral neck: optimal screw position and bone density determined by computer tomography. Injury. 1996, 27 (4): 287-289. 10.1016/0020-1383(95)00207-3.
Wagner S, Ruter A: [Per- and subtrochanteric femur fractures]. Unfallchirurg. 1999, 102 (3): 206-222. 10.1007/s001130050394.
Kawaguchi S, Sawada K, Nabeta Y: Cutting-out of the lag screw after internal fixation with the Asiatic gamma nail. Injury. 1998, 29 (1): 47-53. 10.1016/S0020-1383(97)00158-7.
Den Hartog BD, Bartal E, Cooke F: Treatment of the unstable intertrochanteric fracture. Effect of the placement of the screw, its angle of insertion, and osteotomy. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1991, 73 (5): 726-733.
Lenich A, Bachmeier S, Prantl L, Nerlich M, Hammer J, Mayr E, Al-Munajjed AA, Fuchtmeier B: Is the rotation of the femoral head a potential initiation for cutting out? A theoretical and experimental approach. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2011, 12: 79-10.1186/1471-2474-12-79.
Hsueh KK, Fang CK, Chen CM, Su YP, Wu HF, Chiu FY: Risk factors in cutout of sliding hip screw in intertrochanteric fractures: an evaluation of 937 patients. Int Orthop. 2010, 34 (8): 1273-1276. 10.1007/s00264-009-0866-2.
Larsson S, Friberg S, Hansson LI: Trochanteric fractures. Influence of reduction and implant position on impaction and complications. Clin Orthop. 1990, 259: 130-139.
Pervez H, Parker MJ, Vowler S: Prediction of fixation failure after sliding hip screw fixation. Injury. 2004, 35 (10): 994-998. 10.1016/j.injury.2003.10.028.
Haidukewych GJ, Israel TA, Berry DJ: Reverse obliquity fractures of the intertrochanteric region of the femur. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2001, 83-A (5): 643-650.
Jensen JS, Sonne-Holm S, Tondevold E: Unstable trochanteric fractures. A comparative analysis of four methods of internal fixation. Acta Orthop Scand. 1980, 51 (6): 949-962. 10.3109/17453678008990900.
Lyddon DW: The prevention of complications with the Gamma Locking Nail. Am J Orthop. 1996, 25 (5): 357-363.
Kyle RF, Ellis TJ, Templeman DC: Surgical treatment of intertrochanteric hip fractures with associated femoral neck fractures using a sliding hip screw. J Orthop Trauma. 2005, 19 (1): 1-4. 10.1097/00005131-200501000-00001.
Saarenpaa I, Partanen J, Jalovaara P: Basicervical fracture-a rare type of hip fracture. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2002, 122 (2): 69-72. 10.1007/s004020100306.
Su BW, Heyworth BE, Protopsaltis TS, Lipton CB, Sinicropi SM, Chapman CB, Kuremsky MA, Rosenwasser MP: Basicervical versus intertrochanteric fractures: an analysis of radiographic and functional outcomes. Orthopedics. 2006, 29 (10): 919-925.
Haynes RC, Poll RG, Miles AW, Weston RB: Failure of femoral head fixation: a cadaveric analysis of lag screw cut-out with the gamma locking nail and AO dynamic hip screw. Injury. 1997, 28 (5–6): 337-341.
Audige L, Hanson B, Swiontkowski MF: Implant-related complications in the treatment of unstable intertrochanteric fractures: meta-analysis of dynamic screw-plate versus dynamic screw-intramedullary nail devices. Int Orthop. 2003, 27 (4): 197-203. 10.1007/s00264-003-0457-6.
Fritz T, Hiersemann K, Krieglstein C, Friedl W: Prospective randomized comparison of gliding nail and gamma nail in the therapy of trochanteric fractures. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 1999, 119 (1–2): 1-6.
Bhandari M, Schemitsch E, Jonsson A, Zlowodzki M, Haidukewych GJ: Gamma nails revisited: gamma nails versus compression hip screws in the management of intertrochanteric fractures of the hip: a meta-analysis. J Orthop Trauma. 2009, 23 (6): 460-464. 10.1097/BOT.0b013e318162f67f.
Loch DA, Kyle RF, Bechtold JE, Kane M, Anderson K, Sherman RE: Forces required to initiate sliding in second-generation intramedullary nails. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1998, 80 (11): 1626-1631.
Meislin RJ, Zuckerman JD, Kummer FJ, Frankel VH: A biomechanical analysis of the sliding hip screw: the question of plate angle. J Orthop Trauma. 1990, 4 (2): 130-136. 10.1097/00005131-199004020-00005.
Flores LA, Harrington IJ, Heller M: The stability of intertrochanteric fractures treated with a sliding screw-plate. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1990, 72 (1): 37-40.
Kyle RF, Wright TM, Burstein AH: Biomechanical analysis of the sliding characteristics of compression hip screws. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1980, 62 (8): 1308-1314.
Andress HJ, Forkel H, Grubwinkler M, Landes J, Piltz S, Hertlein H, Lob G: [Treatment of per- and subtrochanteric femoral fractures by gamma nails and modular hip prostheses. Differential indications and results]. Unfallchirurg. 2000, 103 (6): 444-451. 10.1007/s001130050564.
Laros GS: Intertrochanteric fractures. The role of complications of fixation. Arch Surg. 1975, 110 (1): 37-40. 10.1001/archsurg.1975.01360070037007.
Kim WY, Han CH, Park JI, Kim JY: Failure of intertrochanteric fracture fixation with a dynamic hip screw in relation to pre-operative fracture stability and osteoporosis. Int Orthop. 2001, 25 (6): 360-362. 10.1007/s002640100287.
Kanis JA, Johnell O, Oden A, Jonsson B, De Laet C, Dawson A: Risk of hip fracture according to the World Health Organization criteria for osteopenia and osteoporosis. Bone. 2000, 27 (5): 585-590. 10.1016/S8756-3282(00)00381-1.
The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2474/14/1/prepub