Evaluation of cellulose electro-active paper made by tape casting and zone stretching methods
Tóm tắt
Cellulose has been discovered as a smart material that can be used as sensor and actuator material. In this paper, cellulose smart material termed as electro-active paper (EAPap) is prepared by an automated process that includes tape casting and zone stretching. To evaluate characteristics of the EAPap, its Young’s modulus and piezoelectric charge constant are measured depending on the orientation angle, in comparison with the manually fabricated EAPap results. The zone stretching method can effectively align the cellulose fibers in the EAPap so as to improve its Young’s modulus as well as piezoelectric charge constant. The 0 degree oriented sample shows its maximum Young’s modulus and the 45 degree oriented sample exhibits the maximum piezoelectric charge constant. This 45 degree is associated with its shear piezoelectricity. The actuator performance of EAPap is evaluated by measuring its bending displacement depending on the orientation angle and the excitation voltage. The 45 degree oriented sample exhibits the maximum bending displacement. Details of the material preparation, the automation process, characterization and the actuator performance are addressed. This automated process that includes tape casting and zone stretching is suitable for mass production of the EAPap.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Cho, K. J., Koh, J. S., Kim, S., Chu, W. S., Hong, Y. and Ahn, S. H., “Review of manufacturing processes for soft biomimetic robots,” Int. J. Precis. Eng. Manuf., Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 171–181, 2009.
Kim, Y., Kim, P., Lee, J. and Seok, J., “Characterization and parameter optimization of a microcellular polypropylene electret under an external Inertial Load,” Int. J. Precis. Eng. Manuf., Vol. 10, No. 5, pp. 97–106, 2009.
Otero, T. F., Angulo, E., Rodriguez, J. and Santamaria, C., “Electrochemomechanical properties from a bilayer: polypyrrole/non conducting and flexible material — artificial muscle,” J. Electroanal. Chem., Vol. 341, No. 1–2, pp. 369–375, 1992.
Lughmani, W. A., Jho, J. Y., Lee, J. Y. and Rhee, K., “Modeling of bending behavior of IPMC beams using concentrated ion boundary layer,” Int. J. Precis. Eng. Manuf., Vol. 10, No. 5, pp. 131–139, 2009.
Wang, T. T., Herbert, J. M. and Glass, A. M., “The Applications of ferroelectric polymers,” Chapman and Hall, London, 1988.
Kepler, R. G. and Anderson, R. A., “Piezoelectricity and pyroelectricity in polyvinylidene fluoride,” J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 49, No. 8, pp. 4490–4994, 1978.
Klemm, D., Heublein, B., Fink, H.-P. and Bohn, A., “Cellulose: Fascinating biopolymer and sustainable raw material,” Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., Vol. 44, No. 22, pp. 3358–3393, 2005.
Kim, J., Yun, S. and Ounaies, Z., “Discovery of cellulose as a smart material,” Macromolecules, Vol. 39, No. 12, pp. 4202–4206, 2006.
Kim, J., Song, C. S. and Yun, S., “Cellulose based electro-active papers: performance and environmental effect,” Smart Mater. Struct., Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 719–723, 2006.
Kim, J. and Seo, Y. B., “Electro-active paper actuators,” Smart Mater. Struct., Vol. 11, No. 3, pp. 355–360, 2002.
Yun, S., Jang, S., Yun, G. Y. and Kim, J., “Electrically aligned cellulose film for electro-active paper and its piezoelectricity,” Smart Mater. Struct., Vol. 18, No. 11, Paper No. 117001, 2009.
Yang, C., Kim, J. H., Kim, J.-H., Kim, J. and Kim, H. S., “Piezoelectricity of wet drawn cellulose electro-active paper,” Sens. Actuator A, Vol. 154, No. 1, pp. 117–122, 2009.
Ramos, L. A., Assaf, J. M., EL Seoud, O. A. and Frollini, E., “Influence of the supramolecular structure and physicochemical properties of cellulose on its dissolution in a lithium chloride/N,N-Dimethylacetamide solvent system, Biomacromolecules,” Vol. 6, No. 5, pp. 2638–2647, 2005.
Yun, S., Chen, Y., Nayak, J. N. and Kim, J., “Effect of solvent mixture on properties and performance of electro-active paper made with regenerated cellulose,” Sens. Actuator B, Vol. 129, No. 2, pp. 652–658, 2008.
Kim, H. S., Li, Y. and Kim, J., “Electro-mechanical behavior and direct piezoelectricity of cellulose electro-active paper,” Sens. Actuator A, Vol. 147, No. 1, pp. 304–309, 2008.
“IEEE Standard on Piezoelectricity,” ANSI/IEEE Std. 176-1987, 1988.
Kim, J. H., Yun, K. J., Kim, J.-H. and Kim, J., “Mechanical stretching effect on the actuator performance of cellulose electroactive paper,” Smart Mater. Struct., Vol. 18, No. 5, Paper No. 055005, 2009.
Hirai, N., Ootake, K., Suzuki, K., Sobue, N., Date, M. and Watanabe, T., “Piezoelectric effect of cyanoethylated hydroxylethylcellulose,” J. Wood. Sci., Vol. 44, No. 1, pp. 35–39, 1998.