Seawater Sulfur Isotope Fluctuations in the Cretaceous

W. T. Holser, M. Schidlowski, F. T. Mackenzie, J. B. Maynard, in Chemical Cycles in the Evolution of the Earth, C. B. Gregor, R. M. Garrels, F. T. Mackenzie, J. B. Maynard, Eds. (New York, Wiley, 1988), pp. 105–173.

10.2475/ajs.289.4.333

H. R. Krouse Sulfur Isotopes in Our Environments (Elsevier Amsterdam 1980).

M. A. Arthur, in Encyclopedia of Volcanoes, H. Sigurdsson et al., Eds. (Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 2000), pp. 1045–1062.

I. R. Kaplan, in Stable Isotopes in Sedimentary Geology, M. A. Arthur et al., Eds. (Society for Sedimentary Geology Short Course Notes, Tulsa, OK, 1983) 10, pp. 1–108.

10.1016/S0016-7037(00)00584-6

D. H. Holland The Chemical Evolution of the Atmosphere and Oceans (Princeton Univ. Press Princeton NJ 1984).

10.1016/S0009-2541(99)00082-0

L. R. Kump, Am. J. Sci.289, 390 (1989).

R. A. Berner, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.9, 10955 (1999).

10.1126/science.271.5248.493

M. Schidlowski, C. E. Junge, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta45, 89 (1981).

10.1126/science.282.5393.1459

10.2475/ajs.298.3.246

A. Paytan, K. Arrigo, Int. Geol. Rev.42, 491 (2000).

R. A. Berner et al., Science287, 1630 (2002).

A. C. Kurtz, L. R. Kump, M. A. Arthur, J. C. Zachos, A. Paytan, Paleoceanography12, 239 (2003).

S. O. Schlanger, H. C. Jenkyns, Geol. Mijnb. 55, 179 (1976).

B. U. Haq, J. Hardenbol, P. R. Vail., in Sea Level Changes: An Integrated Approach, C. K. Wilgus et al., Eds. (Spec. Publ. Soc. Econ. Paleontol. Mineral., Tulsa, OK, 1988), vol. 42, pp. 71–108.

10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<0547:LPOEEF>2.3.CO;2

H. C. Jenkyns, J. Geol. Soc. Lond.137, 171 (1980).

J. A. T. Simo, T. Scott, W. Robert, J.-P. Masse, AAPG Memoir56, 1 (1993).

W. T. Holser, I. R. Kaplan, Chem. Geol.1, 93 (1966).

10.1016/0009-2541(80)90047-9

M. A. Arthur, H. C. Jenkyns, H. Brumsack, S. O. Schlanger, in Cretaceous Resources, Events, and Rhythms, R. N. Ginsburg, B. Beaudoin, Eds. (Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, Netherlands, 1990), NATO ASI Series C, 304, pp. 71–119.

Materials and methods are available as supporting material on Science Online.

J. C. G. Walker, Marine Geol. 70, 259 (1986).

10.1038/382127a0

A. A. Migdisov, A. B. Ronov, V. A. Grinenko, in The Global Biogeochemical Sulfur Cycle, M. V. Ivanov, J. R. Freney, Eds. (New York, Wiley, 1983), pp. 25–95.

J. D. Hays, W. C. Pitman III, Nature246, 18 (1973).

J. Veizer, Y. Godderis, L. M. Francois, Nature408, 698 (2000).

S. J. Carpenter, K. C. Lohmann, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta61, 4831 (1997).

J. M. McArthur, R. J. Howarth, T. R. Bailey, J. Geol.109, 155 (2001).

G. Ravizza, R. M. Sherrell, M. P. Field, E. A. Pickett, Geology27, 971 (1999).

F. M. Richter, K. K. Turekian, Earth Planet. Sci. 119, 121 (1993).

10.1126/science.1064280

A. S. Taylor, A. C. Lasage, Chem. Geol. 161, 199 (1999).

R. A. Berner, R. Raiswell, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta47, 855 (1983).

R. D. Erbacher, B. T. Huber, R. D. Norris, M. Markey, Nature409, 325 (2001).

M. E. Katz et al. Mar. Geol. in press.

10.2475/ajs.298.3.219

H. D. Holland, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta37, 2605 (1978).

J. Veizer, W. T. Holser, C. K. Wilgus, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta44, 579 (1980).

L. R. Kump, R. M. Garrels, Am. J. Sci.286, 337 (1986).

The authors thank L. Kump for discussion and comments. Samples provided by the Ocean Drilling Program. The work was supported by an NSF grant to A.P.