Stress activation and genomic impact of Tnt1 retrotransposons in Solanaceae

Cytogenetic and Genome Research - Tập 110 Số 1-4 - Trang 229-241 - 2005
Marie‐Angéle Grandbastien1, Colette Audéon1, Éric Bonnivard1, Josep Casacuberta2, Boulos Chalhoub1, Ana Paula Pimentel Costa3,1, Quang Hien Le1, Delphine Melayah1, M. Petit1, Charles Poncet1, Sheh May Tam1, Marie‐Anne Van Sluys3, Corinne Mhiri1
1Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire, INRA, Centre de Versailles, Versailles, France
2Department of Molecular Genetics, IBMB-CSIC, Barcelona (Spain)
3Depto. de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, SãoPaulo(Brazil)

Tóm tắt

Tnt1 elements are a superfamily of LTR-retrotransposons distributed in the Solanaceae plant family and represent good model systems for studying regulatory and evolutionary controls established between hosts and transposable elements. Tnt1 retrotransposons tightly control their activation, by restricting expression to specific conditions. The Tnt1A element, originally discovered in tobacco, is expressed in response to stress, and its activation by microbial factors is followed by amplification, demonstrating that factors of pathogen origin can generate genetic diversity in plants. The Tnt1A promoter has the potential to be activated by various biotic and abiotic stimuli but a number of these are specifically repressed in tobacco and are revealed only when the LTR promoter is placed in a heterologous context. We propose that a tobacco- and stimulus-specific repression has been established in order to minimize activation in conditions that might generate germinal transposition. In addition to tight transcriptional controls, Tnt1A retrotransposons self-regulate their activity through gradual generation of defective copies that have reduced transcriptional activity. Tnt1 retrotransposons found in various Solanaceae species are characterized by a high level of variability in the LTR sequences involved in transcription, and have evolved by gaining new expression patterns, mostly associated with responses to diverse stress conditions. Tnt1A insertions associated with genic regions are initially favored but seem subsequently counter-selected, while insertions in repetitive DNA are maintained. On the other hand, amplification and loss of insertions may result from more brutal occurrences, as suggested by the large restructuring of Tnt1 populations observed in tobacco compared to each of its parental species. The distribution of Tnt1 elements thus appears as a dynamic flux, with amplification counterbalanced by loss of insertions. Tnt1 insertion polymorphisms are too high to reveal species relationships in the <i>Nicotiana</i> genus, but can be used to evaluate species relationships in the <i>Lycopersicon</i> and <i>Capsicum</i> genera. This also demonstrates that the behavior of Tnt1 retrotransposons differs between host species, most probably in correlation to differences in expression conditions and in the evolutionary and environmental history of each host.   

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Cytogenetic and Genome Research

Tập 110 Số 1-4

229-241

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