Prevention of venous thromboembolism in orthopedic surgery with vitamin K antagonists: a meta‐analysis

Geerts, 2001, Prevention of venous thromboembolism. Sixth ACCP Consensus Conference on antithrombotic therapy, Chest, 119, 132S, 10.1378/chest.119.1_suppl.132S Nicolaides, 1997, Prevention of venous thromboembolism. European Consensus Statement, Int Angiol, 16, 3 Hirsh, 2001, Oral anticoagulants: mechanism of action, clinical effectiveness, and optimal therapeutic range. Sixth ACCP Consensus Conference on antithrombotic therapy, Chest, 119, 8S, 10.1378/chest.119.1_suppl.8S Freedman, 2000, A meta‐analysis of thromboembolic prophylaxis following elective total hip arthroplasty, J Bone Joint Surg Am, 82, 929, 10.2106/00004623-200007000-00004 Mohr, 1993, Prophylactic agents for venous thrombosis in elective hip surgery. Meta‐analysis of studies using venographic assessment, Arch Intern Med, 153, 2221, 10.1001/archinte.1993.00410190057007 Imperiale, 1994, A meta‐analysis of methods to prevent venous thromboembolism following total hip replacement, JAMA, 271, 1780, 10.1001/jama.1994.03510460072036 Palmer, 1997, Efficacy and safety of low molecular weight heparin, unfractionated heparin and warfarin for thrombo‐embolism prophylaxis in orthopaedic surgery: a meta‐analysis of randomized clinical trials, Haemostasis, 27, 75 Howard, 1998, Low molecular weight heparin decreases proximal and distal venous thrombosis following total knee arthroplasty. A meta‐analysis of randomized trials, Thromb Haemost, 79, 902, 10.1055/s-0037-1615090 Brookenthal, 2001, A meta‐analysis of thromboembolic prophylaxis in total knee arthroplasty, J Arthroplasty, 16, 293, 10.1054/arth.2001.21499 Westrich, 2000, Meta‐analysis of thromboembolic prophylaxis after total knee arthroplasty, J Bone Joint Surg Br, 82, 795, 10.1302/0301-620X.82B6.0820795 Jüni, 2001, Assessing the quality of controlled clinical trials, Br Med J, 323, 42, 10.1136/bmj.323.7303.42 Cucherat M. Méta‐analyse des essais thérapeutiques. Evaluation et Statistique. Paris: Masson Ed, 1997. Cucherat, 1997, EasyMA: a program for the meta‐analysis of clinical trials, Comp Meth Prog Biomed, 53, 187, 10.1016/S0169-2607(97)00016-3 Cucherat M. EasyMA Software Version 2000. http://www.spc.univ-lyon1.fr/mcu/easyma Borgström, 1965, Anticoagulant prophylaxis of venous thrombosis in patients with fractured neck of the femur. A controlled trial using venous phlebography, Acta Chir Scand, 129, 500 Eskeland, 1966, Anticoagulant prophylaxis, thromboembolism and mortality in elderly patients with hip fractures. A controlled clinical trial, Acta Chir Scand, 131, 16 Myrhe, 1969, Tromboseprofylakse. Dextran eller warfarin‐natrium?, Nordisk Med, 82, 1534 Hamilton, 1970, Venous thrombosis in patients with fracture of the upper end of the femur. A phlebographic study of the effect of prophylactic anticoagulation, J Bone Joint Surg Br, 52, 268, 10.1302/0301-620X.52B2.268 Pinto, 1970, Controlled trial of an anticoagulant (warfarin sodium) in the prevention of venous thrombosis following hip surgery, Br J Surg, 57, 349, 10.1002/bjs.1800570508 Hume, 1973, 125I fibrinogen and the prevention of venous thrombosis, Arch Surg, 107, 803, 10.1001/archsurg.1973.01350230155028 Morris, 1976, Warfarin sodium in prevention of deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in patients with fractured neck of femur, Lancet, 2, 869, 10.1016/S0140-6736(76)90536-5 Powers, 1989, A randomized trial of less intense postoperative warfarin or aspirin therapy in the prevention of venous thromboembolism after surgery for fractured hip, Arch Intern Med, 149, 771, 10.1001/archinte.1989.00390040013003 Harris, 1972, Prevention of venous thromboembolism following total hip replacement. Warfarin vs dextran 40, JAMA, 220, 1319, 10.1001/jama.1972.03200100035007 Barber, 1977, A comparative study of dextran‐70, warfarin and low‐dose heparin for the prophylaxis of thrombo‐embolism following total hip replacement, Postgrad Med J, 53, 130, 10.1136/pgmj.53.617.130 Francis, 1983, Two‐step warfarin therapy. Prevention of postoperative venous thrombosis without excessive bleeding, JAMA, 249, 374, 10.1001/jama.1983.03330270038029 Lotke, 1996, Aspirin and warfarin for thromboembolic disease after total joint arthroplasty, Clin Orthop, 324, 251, 10.1097/00003086-199603000-00031 Paiement, 1987, Low‐dose warfarin versus external pneumatic compression for prophylaxis against venous thromboembolism following total hip replacement, J Arthroplasty, 2, 23, 10.1016/S0883-5403(87)80027-X Bailey, 1991, Prospective randomized trial of sequential compression devices vs low‐dose warfarin for deep venous thrombosis prophylaxis in total hip arthroplasty, J Arthroplasty, 6, S29, 10.1016/S0883-5403(08)80053-8 Kaempffe, 1991, Intermittent pneumatic compression versus coumadin. Prevention of deep vein thrombosis in lower‐extremity total joint arthroplasty, Clin Orthop, 269, 89, 10.1097/00003086-199108000-00014 Francis, 1992, Comparison of warfarin and external pneumatic compression in prevention of venous thrombosis after total hip replacement, JAMA, 267, 2911, 10.1001/jama.1992.03480210073035 Van Geloven, 1977, Comparison of postoperative coumarin, dextran 40 and subcutaneous heparin in the prevention of postoperative deep vein thrombosis, Acta Med Scand, 202, 367, 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1977.tb16845.x Hull, 1993, A comparison of subcutaneous low‐molecular‐weight heparin with warfarin sodium for prophylaxis against deep‐vein thrombosis after hip or knee implantation, N Engl J Med, 329, 1370, 10.1056/NEJM199311043291902 1994, RD Heparin compared with warfarin for prevention of venous thromboembolic disease following total hip or knee arthroplasty, J Bone Joint Surg Am, 76, 1174, 10.2106/00004623-199408000-00008 Hamulyak, 1994, Subcutaneous low‐molecular weight heparin or oral anticoagulants for the prevention of deep‐vein thrombosis in elective hip and knee replacement?, Thromb Haemost, 74, 1428 Leclerc, 1996, Prevention of venous thromboembolism after knee arthroplasty. A randomized, double‐blind trial comparing enoxaparin with warfarin, Ann Intern Med, 124, 619, 10.7326/0003-4819-124-7-199604010-00001 Francis, 1997, Prevention of deep‐vein thrombosis after total hip arthroplasty. Comparison of warfarin and dalteparin, J Bone Joint Surg Am, 79, 1365, 10.2106/00004623-199709000-00011 Heit, 1997, Efficacy and safety of low molecular weight heparin (ardeparin sodium) compared to warfarin for the prevention of venous thromboembolism after total knee replacement surgery: a double‐blind, dose‐ranging study, Thromb Haemost, 77, 32, 10.1055/s-0038-1655902 Colwell, 1999, Comparison of enoxaparin and warfarin for the prevention of venous thromboembolic disease after total hip arthroplasty. Evaluation during hospitalization and three months after discharge, J Bone Joint Surg Am, 81, 932, 10.2106/00004623-199907000-00005 Hull, 2000, Low‐molecular‐weight heparin prophylaxis using dalteparin in close proximity to surgery vs warfarin in hip arthroplasty patients, Arch Intern Med, 160, 2199, 10.1001/archinte.160.14.2199 Fitzgerald, 2001, Prevention of venous thromboembolic disease following primary total knee arthroplasty. A randomized, multicenter, open‐label, parallel‐group comparison of enoxaparin and warfarin, J Bone Joint Surg Am, 83, 900, 10.2106/00004623-200106000-00012 Samama, 2002, Extended venous thromboembolism prophylaxis after total hip replacement. A comparison of low‐molecular‐weight heparin with oral anticoagulant, Arch Intern Med, 162, 2191, 10.1001/archinte.162.19.2191 Gerhart, 1991, Low‐molecular‐weight heparinoid compared with warfarin for prophylaxis of deep‐vein thrombosis in patients who are operated on for fracture of the hip, J Bone Joint Surg Am, 73, 494, 10.2106/00004623-199173040-00003 Comp, 1998, A comparison of danaparoid and warfarin for prophylaxis against deep vein thrombosis after total hip replacement, Orthopedics, 21, 1123, 10.3928/0147-7447-19981001-11 Mismetti, 1993, Prophylaxis of post operative venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism by oral anticoagulants: a meta‐analysis, Clin Trial Meta-Analysis, 28, 227 Collins, 1988, Reduction in fatal pulmonary embolism and venous thrombosis by perioperative administration of subcutaneous heparin. Overview of results of randomized trials in general, orthopedic, and urologic surgery, N Engl J Med, 318, 1162, 10.1056/NEJM198805053181805 Leizorovicz, 1992, Low molecular weight heparin in prevention of postoperative thrombosis, Br Med J, 305, 913, 10.1136/bmj.305.6859.913 Nurmohamed, 1992, Low‐molecular‐weight heparin versus standard heparin in general and orthopaedic surgery, Lancet, 340, 152, 10.1016/0140-6736(92)93223-A Mismetti, 2000, Prevention of venous thromboembolism in internal medicine with unfractionated or low‐molecular‐weight heparins: a meta‐analysis of randomised clinical trials, Thromb Haemost, 83, 14, 10.1055/s-0037-1613749 Mismetti, 2001, Meta‐analysis of low molecular weight heparin in the prevention of venous thromboembolism in general surgery, Br J Surg, 88, 913, 10.1046/j.0007-1323.2001.01800.x Havig, 1977, Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: an autopsy study with multiple regression analysis of possible risk factors, Acta Chir Scand, 478, 1 Moser, 1981, Is embolic risk conditioned by location of deep venous thrombosis?, Ann Intern Med, 94, 439, 10.7326/0003-4819-94-4-439 Eriksson, 1991, Prevention of deep‐vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism after total hip replacement. comparison of low‐molecular‐weight heparin and unfractionated heparin, J Bone Joint Surg Am, 73, 484, 10.2106/00004623-199173040-00002 Bhandari, 2001, Meta‐analyses in orthopaedic surgery. A systematic review of their methodologies, J Bone Joint Surg Am, 83, 15, 10.2106/00004623-200101000-00003 Greenland, 1990, Bias in the one‐step method for pooling study results, Statist Med, 9, 247, 10.1002/sim.4780090307 Feller, 1992, Prophylaxis against venous thrombosis after total hip arthroplasty, Aust NZ J Surg, 62, 606, 10.1111/j.1445-2197.1992.tb07530.x Fordyce, 1991, Efficacy of fixed minidose warfarin prophylaxis in total hip replacement, Br Med J, 303, 219, 10.1136/bmj.303.6796.219 Dale, 1991, Prevention of venous thrombosis with minidose warfarin after joint replacement, Br Med J, 303, 224, 10.1136/bmj.303.6796.224 Poller, 1995, Minidose warfarin and failure to prevent deep vein thrombosis after joint placement surgery despite inhibiting the postoperative rise in plasminogen activator inhibitor activity, Clin Appl Thromb Hemost, 1, 265, 10.1177/107602969500100404 Hull, 2001, Timing of initial administration of low‐molecular weight heparin prophylaxis against deep vein thrombosis in patients following elective hip arthroplasty. A systematic review, Ann Intern Med, 161, 1952, 10.1001/archinte.161.16.1952 Swierstra, 1988, Prevention of thrombosis after hip arthroplasty. A prospective study of preoperative oral anticoagulants, Acta Orthop Scand, 59, 139 Francis, 1996, Comparison of two warfarin regimens in the prevention of venous thrombosis following knee replacement, Thromb Haemost, 75, 706, 10.1055/s-0038-1650352