A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Social Phobia Symptoms

Dale L. Dinnel1, Ronald A. Kleinknecht1, Junko Tanaka-Matsumi2
1Center for Cross-Cultural Research, Western Washington University, Bellingham
2Kwansei Gakuin University, Nishinomiya-City, Japan

Tóm tắt

This study examined two forms of social anxiety or phobia, social phobia as defined by DSM-IV and Taijin Kyofusho (TKS, a Japanese form of social anxiety), in relation to their respective culturally prescribed self-construals as independent and interdependent. Japanese university students (N = 124) and U.S. university students (N = 123) were administered the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale, the Social Phobia Scale, the TKS Scale, and the Self-Construal Scale. From the results of a hierarchical regression analysis, TKS symptoms are more likely to be expressed by individuals who are Japanese and individuals who construe themselves low on independence but high on interdependence. In addition, social phobia symptoms are more likely to be expressed by individuals who construe themselves low on independence but high on interdependence irrespective of culture. Implications for therapists from each culture who have clients who present social anxiety or phobia symptoms are discussed.

Tài liệu tham khảo

American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author. Clark, D. M., &; Wells, A. (1995). A cognitive model of social phobia. In R. G. Heimberg, M. R. Liebowitz, D. A. Hope, &; F. R. Schneier (Eds.), Social phobia: Diagnosis, assessment, and treatment (pp. 69–93). New York: Guilford Press. Clarvit, S. R., Schneier, F. R., &; Liebowitz, M. R. (1996). The offensive subtype of Taijin-Kyofu-Sho in New York City: The phenomenology and treatment of social anxiety disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 57, 523–527. Dana, R. H. (1993). Multicultural assessment perspectives for professional psychology. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Good, B., &; Kleinman, A. (1985). Culture and anxiety: Cross-cultural evidence for patterning of anxiety disorders. In A. H. Tuma &; J. D. Maser (Eds.), Anxiety and the anxiety disorders (pp. 297–324). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Ingman, K. A., Wang, Y., &; Ollendick, T. H. (1998, November). An examination of the socials skills, social anxiety, and adjustment in Chinese and American students. A poster presented at the Association for the Advancement of Behavior Therapy, Washington, DC. Kasahara, Y. (1988). Social phobia in Japan. Transcultural Psychiatric Research Review, 25, 145–150. Kim, U., Triandis, H. C., Kagistcibasi, C., Choi, S.-C., &; Yoon, G. (Eds.). (1994). Individualism and collectivism: Theory, methods, and applications. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Kirmayer, L. J. (1991). The place of culture in psychiatric nosology: Taijin Kyofusho and DSM-III-R. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 179, 19–28. Kleinknecht, R. A., Dinnel, D. L., Herbert, J., &; Harwell, V. (2001). Comparison of social phobia and Taijin Kyofusho symptoms in a clinical sample. A paper presented at theWorld Congress of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies, Vancouver, BC, Canada. Kleinknecht, R. A., Dinnel, D. L., Kleinknecht, E. E., Hiruma, N., &; Harada, N. (1997). Cultural factors in social anxiety: A comparison of social phobia symptoms and Taijin Kyofusho. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 11, 157–177. Kleinknecht, R. A., Dinnel, D. L., Tanouye-Wilson, S., &; Lonner, W. L. (1994). Cultural variation in social anxiety and phobia: A study of Taijin Kyofusho. The Behavior Therapist, 17, 175–178. Leary, M. R., &; Kowalski, R. M. (1995). A self-presentation model of social phobia. In R. G. Heimberg, M. R. Liebowitz, D. A. Hope, &; F. R. Schneier (Eds.), Social phobia: Diagnosis, assessment, and treatment (pp. 69–93). New York: Guilford Press. Lee, S. H. (1987). Social phobia in Korea. In Social phobia in Japan and Korea: Proceedings of the first cultural psychiatry symposium between Japan and Korea. Seoul: The East Asian Academy of Cultural Psychiatry. Leung, A. W., Heimberg, R. G., Holt, C. S., &; Bruch, M. A. (1994). Social anxiety and perception of early parenting among American, Chinese American and social phobics samples. Anxiety, 1, 80–89. Markus, H. R., &; Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implicationsfor cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98, 224–253. Marsella, A. J. (1985). Culture, self, and mental disorder. In A. J. Marsella, G. DeVos, &; F. L. K. Hsu (Eds.), Culture and self: Asian and Western perspectives (pp. 282–307). New York: Tavistock. Matsumoto, D. (1999). Culture and self: An empirical assessment of Markus and Kitayama's theory of independent and interdependent self-construal. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 2, 289–310. Mattick, R. P., &; Clarke, J. C. (1989). Development and validation of measures of social phobia scrutiny fear and social interaction anxiety. Unpublished manuscript. McNally, R., Cassidy, K. L., &; Calamari, J. E. (1990). Taijin-Kyofu-Sho in a black American woman: Behavioral treatment of a “culturebound” anxiety disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 4, 83–87. Mesquita, B., &; Frijda, N. (1992). Cultural variation in emotions: A review. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 179–204. Prince, R. H., &; Tcheng-Laroche, F. (1987). Culture-bound syndromes and international disease classifications. Culture, Medicine and Psychotherapy, 11, 3–19. Reynolds, D. K. (1976). Morita psychotherapy. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Russell, J. G. (1989). Anxiety disorders in Japan: A review of Japanese literature on shinkeishitsu and taijinkyofusho. Cultural Medical Psychiatry, 13, 391–403. Singelis, T. M. (1994). The measurement of independent and interdependent self-construals. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20, 580–591. Singelis, T. M., &; Sharkey, W. F. (1995). Culture, self-construal, and embarrassibility. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 26, 622–644. Takahashi, T. (1989). Social phobia syndrome in Japan. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 30, 45–52. Tanaka-Matsumi, J. (1979). Taijin Kyofusho: Diagnostic and cultural issues in Japanese psychiatry. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 3, 231–245. Tanaka-Matsumi, J., &; Draguns, J. G. (1997). Culture and psychotherapy. In J.W. Berry, M.H. Segall, &; C. Kagitcibasi (Eds.), Handbook of cross-cultural psychology. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Trafimow, D., Triandis, H., &; Goto, S. (1991). Some tests of the distinction between the private self and the collective self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 649–655. Triandis, H. C. (1989). The self and social behavior in differing cultural contexts. Psychological Review, 96, 506–520. Triandis, H. C. (1995). Individualism and collectivism. New York: Westview. van de Vijver, F., &; Leung, K. (1997). Methods and data analysis for cross-cultural research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.