Recent developments in the study of orchid mycorrhiza

Batty A L, Dixon K W, Brundrett M and Sivasithamparam K 2001 Constraints to symbiotic germination of terrestrial orchid seed in a mediterranean bushland. New Phytology, 152, 511-520. Bernard N 1904 Recherches expérimentales sur les orchidées. La germination des orchidées. Revue Générale de Botanique 16, 405-451, 458-475. Bernard N 1909 L'evolution dans la symbiose des Orchidées et leur champignons commensaux. Annales des Sciences Naturelle Paris, 9. ser. 9, 1-196. Beyrle H, Penningsfeld F and Hock B 1989 Mycorrhizal synthesis in horticultural growth substrates and in natural soils. Orchidee 40, 173-177. Beyrle H F and Smith S E 1993a The effect of carbohydrate on the development of a Cattleya hybrid in association with its mycorrhizal fungus. Mycorrhiza 3, 57-62. Beyrle H F and Smith S E, 1993b Excessive carbon prevents greening of leaves in mycorrhizal seedlings of the terrestrial orchid Orchis morio. Lindleyana 8, 97-99. Beyrle H F, Smith S E, Peterson R L and Franco C M M 1995 Colonization of Orchis morio protocorms by a mycorrhizal fungus: Effects of nitrogen nutrition and glyphosate in modifying the responses. Can. J. Bot. 73, 1128-1140. Burgeff H 1909 Die Wurzelpilze der Orchideen, ihre Kultur und ihre Leben in der Pflanze. Gustav Fischer, Jena. Burgeff H 1932 Saprophytismus und Symbiose. Gustav Fischer, Jena. Burgeff H 1936 Samenkeimung der Orchidéen. Gustav Fischer, Jena. Campbell E O 1970 Morphology of the fungal association in three species of Corallorhiza in Michigan. Michigan Bot. 9, 108-113. Carling D E, Pope E J, Brainard K A and Carter D A 1999 Characterization of mycorrhizal isolates of Rhizoctonia solani from an orchid, including AG-12, a new anastomosis group. Phytopathology 89, 942-946. Cha J Y and Igarishi T 1996 Armillaria jezoensis, a new symbiont of Galeola septentrionalis (Orchidaceae) in Hokkaido. Mycoscience 37, 21-24. Currah R S 1987 Thanatephorus pennatus sp. nov. isolated from mycorrhizal roots of Calypso bulbosa (Orchidaceae) from Alberta. Can. J. Bot. 65, 1957-1960. Currah R S and Sherburne R 1992 Septal ultrastructure of some fungal endophytes from boreal orchid mycorrhizas. Mycological Research 96, 583-587. Currab R S, Siegler L and Hamilton S 1987 New records and new taxa of fungi from the mycorrhizae of terrestrial orchids of Alberta. Can. J. Bot. 65, 2473-2482. Currah R S, Smreciu E A and Hambleton S 1990 Mycorrhizae and mycorrhizal fungi of boreal species of Platanthera and Coeloglossum (Orchidaceae). Can J. Bot. 68, 1171-1181. Currah R S and Zelmer C 1992 A key and notes for the genera of fungi mycorrhizal with orchids and a new species of the genus Epulorhiza. Reports of the Tottori Mycological Institute 30, 43-59. Dearnaley J D W and McGee P A 1996 An intact microtubule cytoskeleton is not necessary for interfacial matrix formation in orchid protocorm mycorrhizas. Mycorrhiza 6, 175-180. Dijk E and Eck N D 1995 Effects of mycorrhizal fungi on in vitro nitrogen response of some Dutch indigenous orchid species. Can. J. Bot. 73, 1203-1211. Dijk E, Willems J H and van Andel J 1997 Nutrient responses as a key factor to the ecology of orchid species. Acta Bot. Neerlandica 46, 339-363. Dijk E and Olff H 1994 Effects of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilization on field performance of Dactylorhiza majalis. Acta Bot. Neerlandica 43, 383-392. Dixon K W 1994 Towards integrated conservation of Australian endangered plants-the Western Australian model. Biodiversity and Conservation 3, 148-159. Downie D G 1943 Source of the symbiont of Goodyera repens. Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh 35, 120-125. Fan L, Guo S X and Xiao P G 1999 Study on structure and localization of acid phosphatase of mycorrhizal root of Cymbidium sinense (Orchidaceae). Acta Bot. Yunnanica 21, 197-201. Fan L, Guo S, Cao W, Xiao P, Xu J, Fan L, Guo S X, Cao W Q, Xiao P G and Xu J T 1996 Isolation, culture, identification and biological activity of Mycena orchidicola sp. nov. in Cymbidium sinense (Orchidaceae). Acta Mycol. Sin. 15, 251-255. Freudenstein J V 1997 A monograph of Corallorhiza (Orchidaceae). Harvard Papers in Botany, 10: 5-51. Garrett S D 1962 Decomposition of cellulose in soil by Rhizoctonia solani Kühn. Trans. British Mycol. Soc. 45, 115-120. Gehlert R and Kindl H 1991 Induced formation of dihydrophenanthrenes and bibenzyl synthase upon destruction of orchid mycorrhiza. Phytochemistry 30, 457-460. Goh C J, Sim A A and Lim G 1992 Mycorrhizal associations in some tropical orchids. Lindleyana 7, 13-17. Hadley G and Williamson B 1972 Features of mycorrhizal infection in some Malayan orchids. New Phytol. 71, 1111-1118. Harris G 1997 Huperei-the black orchid. New Zealand Garden Journal 2, 7-9, 2 pl. Hjortstam K and Tellería M A 1990 Columnocystis, a synonym of Veluticeps. Mycotaxon 37, 53-56. (Description of Erythromyces on p. 55). Irawati 1993 Orchid mycorrhiza in Taeniophyllum obtusum L. J. Biol. Indonesia 1, 6-16. Johnson S R 1994 Symbiotic seed germination in relation to potential naturalization ability of Bletilla striata (Orchidaceae). Lindleyana 9, 99-101. Kristiansen K A, Kjøller R, Rasmussen H N and Rosendahl S 2001 Identification of orchid mycorrhizal fungi from Dactylorhiza majalis (Orchidaceae) basd on PCR, SSCP and sequencing of mitochondrial ribosomal LsDNA from single pelotons. Molecular Ecol. 10: 2089-2093. Kummuang N 1997 Effect of some fungicides on mycorrhizae in ground orchids. Kaen Kaset = Khon Kaen Agriculture Journal 25, 139-145. NB: cited from abstract. Lan J, Xu J T and Li J S 1994 Study on symbiotic relation between Gastrodia elata and Armillariella mellea by autoradiography. Acta Mycol. Sin. 13, 219-222. Lan J, Xu J and Li J 1996 Study on the infecting process of Mycena osmundicola on Gastrodia elata by autoradiography. Acta Mycol. Sin. 15, 197-200. Lee S, Park S, Kim T, Paek K, Lee S S, Park S S, Kim T J and Paek K Y 1997 Effect of orchid habitat soil on growth of tissue cultured Cymbidium kanran and C. goeringii, and root infection by orchid mycorrhizal fungus. J. Korean Soc. Horticultural Sci. 38, 176-182. Lee S, Oh C, Paek K, Lee T, Lee S S, Oh C H, Paek K Y and Lee T S 1998 Isolations of the orchid mycorrhizal fungi from the roots of the Korean native orchids and inoculations of the isolates to four different orchids. Korean J. Plant Pathol. 14, 536-542. Masuhara G and Katsuya K 1992 Mycorrhizal differences between genuine roots and tuberous roots of adult plants of Spiranthes sinensis var. amoena (Orchidaceae) in vitro. Bot. Magazine Tokyo 105, 453-460. Masuhara G and Katsuya K, 1994 In situ and in vitro specificity between Rhizoctonia spp. and Spiranthes sinensis (Persoon) Ames. var. amoena (M. Bieberstein) Hara (Orchidaceae). New Phyto. 127, 711-718. Masuhara G, Katsuya K and Yamaguchi K 1993 Potential for symbiosis of Rhizoctonia solani and binucleate Rhizoctonia with seeds of Spiranthes sinensis var. amoena in vitro. Mycol. Res. 97, 746-752. McKendrick S L, Leake J R, Taylor D L and Read D J 2000a Symbiotic germination and development of myco-heterotrophic plants in nature: ontogeny of Corallorrhiza trifida and characterization of its mycorrhizal fungi. New Phytol. 145, 523-537. McKendrick S L, Leake J R and Read D J 2000b Symbiotic germination and development of myco-heterotrophic plants in nature: Transfer of carbon from ectomycorrhizal Salix repens and Betula pendula to the orchid Corallorrhiza trifida through shared hyphal connections. New Phytol. 145, 539-548. Miyoshi K and Mii M 1995 Phytohormone pretreatment for the enhancement of seed germination and protocorm formation by the terrestrial orchid Calanthe discolor (Orchidaceae) in asymbiotic culture. Sci. Horticul. 63, 263-269. Miyoshi K and Mii M 1998 Stimulatory effects of sodium and calcium hypochlorite, pre-chilling and cytokinins on the germination of Cypripedium macranthos seed in vitro. Physiol. Plant. 102, 481-486. Johnson S R 1994 Symbiotic seed germination in relation to potential naturalization ability of Bletilla striata (Orchidaceae). Lindleyana 9, 99-101. Perkins A J, Masuhara G and McGee P A 1995 Specificity of the associations between Microtis parviflora (Orchidaceae) and its mycorrhizal fungi. Aust. J. Bot. 43, 85-91. Perkins A J and McGee P A 1995 Distribution of the orchid mycorrhizal fungus, Rhizoctonia solani, in relation to its host, Pterostylis acuminata, in the field. Aust. J. Bot. 43, 565-575. Peterson R L, Bonfante P, Faccio A and Uetake Y 1996 The interface between fungal hyphae and orchid protocorm cells. Can. J. Bot. 74: 1861-1870. Quay L, McComb J A and Dixon K W 1995 Methods for ex vitro germination of Australian terrestrial orchids. HortScience 30, 1445-1446. Rasmussen H N 1995 Terrestrial orchids. From seed to mycotrophic plant. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Rasmussen H N, Caldwell B A, Whigham D F and O'Neill J P 1998 Evidence of pregermination, preinfection signaling in the orchid-fungal symbiont-substrate relationship. Eds. U Ahonen-Jonnarth, E Danell, P Fransson, O Kårén, B Lindahl, I Rangel, and R Finlay. pp. 142-142. Uppsala, Sweden Rasmussen H N and Whigham D F 1993 Seed ecology of dust seeds in situ: a new study technique and its application in terrestrial orchids. Am. J. Bot. 80, 1374-1378. Rasmussen H N and Whigham D F 1998a Importance of woody debris in seed germination of Tipularia discolor (Orchidaceae). Amer. J. Bot. 85, 829-835. Rasmussen H N and Whigham D F 1998b The underground phase: A special challenge in studies of terrestrial orchid populations. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 126, 49-64. Rasmussen H N and Whigham D F, MS Phenology of roots and mycorrhiza in five orchid species differing in phototrophic strategy. New Phytol., submitted. Reinecke T and Kindl H 1994a Characterization of bibenzyl synthase catalysing the biosynthesis of phytoalexins of orchids. Phytochemistry 35, 63-66. Reinecke T and Kindl H 1994b Inducible enzymes of the 9,10-dihydro-phenanthrene pathway. Sterile orchid plants responding to fungal infection. Molec Plant Microbe Interactions 7, 449-454. Rivas M, Warner J and Bermudez M 1998 Presence of mycorrhizas in orchids of a neotropical botanical garden. Revista de Biologia Tropical 46, 211-216. Roberts P 1998 Thanatephorus ochraceus: A saprotrophic and orchid endomycorrhizal species. Sydowia 50, 252-256. Roberts P 1999 Rhizoctonia-forming fungi. A taxonomic guide. The Herbarium, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. ISBN 1 900347695 Scrugli A and Cogoni A 1994 Considerazioni morfologiche sugli endofiti micorrizici delle orchidee 'saprofite' delle Sardegna. Micologia Italiana 2, 105-107. Sen R, Hietala A M and Zelmer C D 1999 Common anastomosis and internal transcribed spacer RFLP groupings in binucleate Rhizoctonia isolates representing root endophytes of Pinus sylvestris, Ceratorhiza spp. from orchid mycorrhizas and a phytopathogenic anastomosis group. New Phytol. 144, 331-341. Senthilkumar S, Krishnamurthy K V and Vengadeshwari G N 1998 Studies on the mycorrhizal association of the ornamental orchid, Papilonanthe subulata (J. Koenig) Garay. Philippine J. Sci. 127, 189-199. Senthilkumar S, Britto S J, Krishnamurthy K V and Hariharan C 2000 Biochemical analysis of mycorrhizal roots of Aerides maculosum. Phytomorphology 50, 273-279. Shagufta S, Arun R, Siddique S and Raghuvanshi A 1993 Seasonal changes in Vanda tessellata mycorrhizae. J Orchid Soc India 7, 83-85. Stewart J 1993 The Sainsbury orchid conservation project: The first ten years. Kew Magazine 10, 38-43. Tan T K, Loon W S, Khor E and Loh C S 1998 Infection of Spathoglottis plicata (Orchidaceae) seeds by mycorrhizal fungus. Plant Cell Rep. 18, 14-19. Tatarenko I V 1995 Mycorrhiza of orchids (Orchidaceae) of the Primorye territory. Botanicheskii Zhurnal 80, 64-72. Taylor D L and Bruns T D 1997 Independent, specialized invasions of ectomycorrhizal mutualism by two nonphotosynthetic orchids. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 94, 4510-4515. Taylor D L and Bruns T D 1999 Population, habitat and genetic correlates of mycorrhizal specialization in the 'cheating' orchids Corallorhiza maculata and C. mertensiana. Mol. Ecol. 8, 1719-1732. Terashita T 1996 Biological species of Armillaria symbiotic with Galeola septentrionalis. Nippon Kingakukai-Kaiho 37, 45-49. NB only cited on abstract. Tomita M and Konno S 1998 A preliminary report on the symbiotic germination of nine Japanese terrestrial orchids. J. Jap. Soc. Horticultural Sci. 67, 696-698. Tremblay R L, Zimmerman J K, Lebron L, Bayman P, Sastre I, Axelrod F and Alers G J 1998 Host specificity and low reproductive success in the rare endemic Puerto Rican orchid Lepanthes caritensis. Biol. Conserv. 85, 297-304. Uetake Y, Farquhar M L and Peterson R L 1997 Changes in microtubule arrays in symbiotic orchid protocorms during fungal colonization and senescence. New Phytol. 135, 701-709. Uetake Y and Ishizaka N 1995 Cytochemical localization of adenylate cyclase activity in the symbiotic protocorms of Spiranthes sinensis. Mycol. Res. 100, 105-112. Uetake Y and Peterson R L 1997 Changes in actin filament arrays in protocorm cells of the orchid species, Spiranthes sinensis, induced by the symbiotic fungus Ceratobasidium cornigerum. Can. J. Bot. 75, 1661-1669. Uetake Y and Peterson R L 1998 Association between microtubules and symbiotic fungal hyphae in protocorm cells of the orchid species, Spiranthes sinensis. New Phytol. 140, 715-722. Umata H 1995 Seed germination of Galeola altissima, an achlorophyllous orchid, with aphyllophorales fungi. Mycoscience 36, 369-372. Umata H 1997a Formation of endomycorrhizas by an achlorophyllous orchid, Erythrorchis ochobiensis, and Auricularia polytricha. Mycoscience 38, 335-339. Umata H 1997b In vitro germination of Erythrorchis ochobiensis (Orchidaceae) in the presence of Lyophyllum shimeji, an ectomycorrhizal fungus. Mycoscience 38, 355-357. Umata H 1998a In vitro symbiotic association of an achlorophyllous orchid, Erythrorchis ochobiensis, with orchid and nonorchid fungi. Memoirs of the Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University 34. Umata H 1998b A new biological function of shiitake mushroom, Lentinula edodes, in a myco-heterotrophic orchid, Erythrorchis ochobiensis. Mycoscience 39, 85-88. Umata H 1999 Germination and growth of Erythrorchis ochobiensis (Orchidaceae) accelerated by monokaryons and dikaryons of Lenzites betulinus and Trametes hirsuta. Mycoscience 40, 367-371. Umata H, Kanetani S and Mori T 1994 The habitat and habit of a chlorophyll-free orchid, Erythrorchis altissima (Bl.) Bl. Acta Phytotaxonomica Geobotanica 45, 131-138. Van der Kinderen G 1995 A method for the study of fieldgerminated seeds of terrestrial orchids. Lindleyana 10: 68. Vertenyi G and Bratek Z 1996 Isolation of mycorrhizal fungi of terrestrial orchids and its problems. Mikologiai Kozlemenyek 35, 31-36. NB cited from abstract. Wang H, Wang Z, Zhang F, Liu J and He X 1997 A cytological study on the nutrient-uptake mechanism of a saprophytic orchid Gastrodia elata. Acta Bot. Sin. 39, 500-504. Warcup J H 1975 Factors affection symbiotic germinaiton of orchid seed. In Endomycorrchizas. Eds. F E Sanders, B Mosse and P B Tinker. pp 88-104. Academic Press, London. Warcup J H 1991 The Rhizoctonia endotypes of Rhizanthella (Orchidaceae). Mycol. Res. 95, 656-659. Warcup J H and Talbot P H B 1967 Perfect states of rhizoctonias associated with orchids. New Phytol. 66, 631-641. Warcup J H and Talbot P H B 1971 Perfect states of rhizoctonias associated with orchids. II. New Phytol. 70, 35-40. Warcup J H and Talbot P H B 1980 Perfect states of rhizoctonias associated with orchids. III. New Phytol. 86, 267-272. Whigham D F, Rasmussen H N, O'Neill J, Caldwell B, Smith C, McCormick M and Daniell T, MS Interactions betwen decomposing wood, mycorrhizas and terrestrial orchid seeds and protocorms. In Underlying mechanisms of trends and fluctuations in terrestrial orchid populations. Eds. P Kindlmann, J Willems and D F Whigham. In Press Wilkinson K G, Dixon K W, Sivasithamparam K and Ghisalberti E L 1994 Effect of IAA on symbiotic germination of an Australian orchid and its production by orchid-associated bacteria. Plant Soil 159, 291-295. Wood C B, Pritchard H W and Miller A P 2000 Simultaneous preservation of orchid seed and its fungal symbiont using encapsulation-dehydration is dependent on moisture content and storage temperature. CryoLetters 21, 125-136. Xu J T and Mu C 1990 The relation between growth of Gastrodia elata protocorms and fungi. Acta Bot. Sin. 32, 26-31. Yoder J A, Zettler L W and Stewart S L 2000 Water requirements of terrestrial and epiphytic orchid seeds and seedlings, and evidence for water uptake by means of mycotrophy. Plant Sci. Limerick 156, 145-150. Zelmer C D and Currah R S 1995a Evidence for a fungal liaison between Corallorhiza trifida (Orchidaceae) and Pinus contorta (Pinaceae). Can. J. Bot. 73, 862-866. Zelmer C D and Currah R S 1995b Ceratorhiza pernacatena and Epulorhiza calendulina spp nov.; mycorrhizal fungi of terrestrial orchids. Can. J. Bot. 73, 1981-1985. Zelmer C D, Cuthbertson L and Currah R S 1996 Fungi associated with terrestrial orchid mycorrhizas, seeds and protocorms. Mycoscience 37, 439-448. Zettler L W and McInnis T M J 1992 Propagation of Platanthera integrilabia (Correll) Luer, an endangered terrestrial orchid, through symbiotic seed germination. Lindleyana 7, 154-161. Zettler L W, Barrington F V and McInnis T M J 1995 Developmental morphology of Spiranthes odorata seedlings in symbiotic culture. Lindleyana 10, 211-216. Zettler L W and Hofer C J 1998 Propagation of the little club-spur orchid (Platanthera clavellata) by symbiotic seed germination and its ecological implications. Environ. Exp. Bot. 39, 189-195. Zettler L W, Burkhead J C and Marshall J A 1999 Use of a mycorrhizal fungus from Epidendrum conopseum to germinate seed of Encyclia tampensis in vitro. Lindleyana 14, 102-105.