The relative timing of VMO and VL in the aetiology of anterior knee pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Baquie P, Brukner P: Injuries presenting to an Australian Sports Medicine Centre: a 12 month study. Clin J Sports Med. 1997, 7: 28-31. 10.1097/00042752-199701000-00006.

McConnell J: The management of chondromalacia patellae: a long term solution. Aust J Physiother. 1986, 32: 215-223.

Crossley KM, Bennell K, Green S, McConnell J: A systematic review of physical interventions for patellofemoral pain syndrome. Clin J Sports Med. 2001, 11: 103-110. 10.1097/00042752-200104000-00007.

McConnell J: Management of patellofemoral problems. Man Ther. 1996, 1: 60-66. 10.1054/math.1996.0251.

Cowan S, Bennell K, Hodges P, Crossley K, McConnell J: Delayed onset of electromyographic activity of vastus medialis obliquus relative to vastus lateralis in subjects with patellofemoral pain syndrome. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2001, 82: 183-189. 10.1053/apmr.2001.19022.

Voight M, Wieder D: Comparative reflex response times of vastus medialis obliquus and vastus lateralis in normal subjects and subjects with extensor mechanism dysfunction. Am J Sports Med. 1991, 19: 131-137. 10.1177/036354659101900207.

Powers C: Rehabilitation of patellofemoral joint disorders: a critical review. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1998, 28 (5): 345-354.

Thomee R, Augustsson J, Karlsson J: Patellofemoral pain syndrome. Sports Med. 1999, 28: 245-262. 10.2165/00007256-199928040-00003.

Pigott TD: Methods for handling missing data in research synthesis. The handbook of research synthesis. Edited by: Cooper H, Hedges LV. 1994, New York: Russell Sage Foundation

Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG: Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ. 2003, 327: 557-560. 10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557.

Begg CB, Mazumdar M: Operating characteristics of a rank correlation test for publication bias. Biometrics. 1994, 50: 1088-1101. 10.2307/2533446.

Egger M, Davey-Smith G, Schneider M, Minder C: Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ. 1997, 315: 629-634.

Witvrouw E, Lysen R, Bellemans J, Cambier D, Vanderstraeten G: Intrinsic risk factors for the development of anterior knee pain in an athletic population. A two-year prospective study. Am J Sports Med. 2000, 28: 480-489.

Crossley KM, Cowan SM, Bennell KL, McConnell J: Knee flexion during stair ambulation is altered in individuals with patellofemoral pain. J Orthop Res. 2004, 22: 267-274. 10.1016/j.orthres.2003.08.014.

Boling MC, Bolgla LA, Mattacola CG, Uhl TL, Hosey RG: Outcomes of a weight-bearing rehabilitation program for patients diagnosed with patellofemoral pain syndrome. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2006, 87: 1428-1435. 10.1016/j.apmr.2006.07.264.

Cowan SM, Bennell KL, Hodges PW: Therapeutic patellar taping changes the timing of vasti muscle activation in people with patellofemoral pain syndrome. Clin J Sports Med. 2002, 12: 339-347. 10.1097/00042752-200211000-00004.

Earl JE, Hertel J, Denegar CR: Patterns of dynamic malalignment, muscle activation, joint motion, and patellofemoral-pain syndrome. J Sports Rehabil. 2005, 14: 215-233.

Witvrouw E, Sneyers C, Lysen R, Victor J, Bellemans J: Reflex response times of vastis medialis oblique and vastis lateralis in normal subjects and in subjects with patellofemoral pain syndrome. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1996, 24: 160-1665.

Owings TM, Grabiner MD: Motor control of the vastis medialis oblique and vastis lateralis muscles is disrupted during eccentric contractions in subjects with patellofemoral pain. Am J Sports Med. 2002, 30: 483-487.

Cowan SM, Hodges PW, Bennell KL, Crossley KM: Altered vastii recruitment when people with patellofemoral pain syndrome complete a postural task. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2002, 83: 989-995. 10.1053/apmr.2002.33234.

Brindle TJ, Mattacola C, McCrory J: Electromyographic changes in the gluteus medius during stair ascent and descent in subjects with anterior knee pain. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2003, 11: 244-251. 10.1007/s00167-003-0353-z.

McClinton S, Donatell G, Weir J, Heiderscheit B: Influence of step height on quadriceps onset timing and activation during stair ascent in individuals wit patellofemoral pain syndrome. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2007, 37: 239-244.

Song F, Eastwood AJ, Gilbody S, Duley L, Sutton AJ: Publication and related biases. Health Technol Assess. 2000, 4: 1-115.

Steenbrink F, de Groot JH, Veeger HEJ, Meskers CGM, van de Sande MAJ, Rozing PM: Pathological muscle activation patterns in patients with massive rotator cuff tears, with and without subacromial anaesthetics. Man Ther. 2006, 11: 231-237. 10.1016/j.math.2006.07.004.

Vogt L, Pfeifer K, Banzer W: Neuromuscular control of walking with chronic low-back pain. Man Ther. 2003, 8: 21-28. 10.1054/math.2002.0476.

Le Pera D, Graven-Nielsen T, Valeriani M, Oliviero A, Di Lazzaro V, Tonali PA, Arendt-Nielsen L: Inhibition of motor system excitability at cortical and spinal level by tonic muscle pain. Clinical Neurophysiology. 2001, 112: 1633-1641. 10.1016/S1388-2457(01)00631-9.

Rutherford OM, Jones DA, Newham DJ: Clinical and experimental application of the percutaneous twitch superimposition technique for the study of human muscle activation. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1986, 49: 1288-1291.

Powers CM, Landel R, Perry J: Timing and intensity of vastis muscle activity during functional activities in subjects with and without patellofemoral pain. Phys Ther. 1996, 76: 946-955.

Crossley KM, Cowan SM, Bennell KL, McConnell J: Patella taping: is clinical success supported by scientific evidence?. Manual Therapy. 2000, 5: 142-150. 10.1054/math.2000.0354.

Karst GM, Willett GM: Onset timing of electromyographic activity in the vastus medialis oblique and vastus lateralis muscles in subjects with and without patellofemoral pain syndrome. Phys Ther. 1995, 75: 813-823.

Stensdotter A-K, Hodges PW, Mellor R, Sundelin G, Hager-Ross C: Quadriceps activation in closed and in open kinetic chain exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003, 35: 2043-2047. 10.1249/01.MSS.0000099107.03704.AE.

Soderberg GL, Knutson LM: A guide for use and interpretation of kinesiologic electromyographic data. Phys Ther. 2000, 80: 485-98.

Merletti R: Standards for reporting EMG data. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 1999, 9: iii-iv.

Dixon J, Howe TE, Kent JR, Whittaker VJ: VMO-VL reflex latency difference between quadriceps components in osteoarthritic and asymptomatic knees. Adv Physiother. 2004, 6: 166-172. 10.1080/14038190410020809.

Karst GM: EMG onset timing. Phys Ther. 1998, 78: 543-546.

Basmajian J, Blumenstein R: Electrode placement in EMG biofeedback. 1980, Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins

Tully EA, Stillman BC: Computer aided video analysis of vertebrofemoral motion during toe touching in healthy subjects. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1997, 78: 759-766. 10.1016/S0003-9993(97)90086-1.

Struys MA, Jonkman EJ, Strijers RL: Measurement of patellar and ankle tendon reflexes in normal subjects. Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1997, 37: 13-18.

Neptune RR, Wright IC, van den Bogert AJ: The influence of orthotic devices and vastus medialis strength and timing on patellofemoral loads during running. Clin Biomech. 2000, 15: 611-618. 10.1016/S0268-0033(00)00028-0.

Cowan SM, Bennell KL, Hodges PW, Crossley KM, McConnell J: Simultaneous feedforward recruitment of the vasti in untrained postural tasks can be restored by physical therapy. J Orthopaedic Research. 2003, 21: 553-558. 10.1016/S0736-0266(02)00191-2.

Gilleard W, McConnell J, Parsons D: The effect of patella taping on the onset of vastus medialis obliquus and vastus lateralis muscle activity in persons with patellofemoral pain. Phys Ther. 1998, 78: 25-32.

Witvrouw E, Lysen R, Bellemans J, Cambier D, Cools A, Danneels L, Bourgois J: Which risk factors predict outcome in the treatment program of anterior knee pain?. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2002, 12: 40-46. 10.1034/j.1600-0838.2002.120108.x.

Colville-Stewart S: How to do a literature search. The essential researcher's handbook. For nurses and healthcare professionals. Edited by: Tarling M, Croft L. 2002, London: Baillière Tindall, 35-53. 2

Petrie A, Sabin S: Medical statistics at a glance. 2000, Oxford: Blackwell Science

Aguggia M, Gilli M, Febbraro A, Riccio A, Viglino C, Losana A, Carando S, Rossi P: Comparative electromyographic study of the vastus medialis muscle and vastus lateralis muscle in dysfunctions of the knee extensor mechanism. Minerva Ortopedica e Traumatologica. 1997, 48: 103-107.

Morrish GM, Woledge RC: A comparison of the activation of muscles moving the patella in normal subjects and in patients with chronic patellofemoral problems. Scand J Rehabil Med. 1997, 29: 43-48.