Improved propagation methods to raise the productivity of yam (Dioscorea rotundata Poir.)
Tóm tắt
White Guinea yam (Dioscorea rotundata Poir.) is an important staple to millions of people in West Africa. Obtaining good quality planting material for yam cultivation is a major challenge. Multiplication ratios are low, and seed tubers are prone to contamination with pests and pathogens in the traditional systems of production. Some approaches to producing quality seed of yam are as follows: farmers select small whole tubers from a ware crop harvest; stimulate the production of seed tubers by ‘milking’ ware tubers while the leaves of the plant are still green (double harvest system); cut ware tubers into setts about the same sizes as regular seed tubers; or use the ‘Anambra’ system where smaller setts are cut and used to produce seed tubers. New methods that have been developed to address some of the challenges of quantity and quality of seed tubers are not yet widely applied, so farmers continue to use traditional methods and save seed from a previous harvest to plant the ware crop. This document presents an overview of traditional and modern methods of seed yam production and gives a perspective for the future. Among the modern methods of seed yam production, only the minisett technique, which uses 25–100 g tuber pieces, is currently used at farmer level, although on a limited scale. While tissue and organ culture techniques are the most rapid methods of multiplying disease free propagules, their limitations include high costs, need for skilled personnel and specialized equipment. The aeroponics and temporary immersion bioreactor methods of producing seed yam are relatively new, and still need more research. To build and sustain a viable seed yam production system, a multiplication scheme is required that combines two or more methods including tissue culture for cleaning the seed stock.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Acha, I. A., Shiwachi, H., Asiedu, R., & Akoroda, M. O. (2004). Effect of auxins on root development in yam (Dioscorea rotundata) vine. Tropical Science, 44, 80–84.
Adelberg, J. W., & Simpson, E. P. (2002). Intermittent immersion vessel apparatus and process for plant propagation. In J. Aitken-Christie, T. Kozai & M. A. L. Smith (Eds.), Automation and environmental control in plant tissue culture (pp. 19–26). The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Agele, S. O., Ayankanmi, T. G., & Kikuno, H. (2010). Effects of synthetic hormone substitutes and genotypes on rooting and mini tuber production of vines cuttings obtained from white yam (Dioscorea rotundata, Poir). African Journal of Biotechnology, 9(30), 4714–4724.
Aighewi, B.A. (1998). Seed yam (Dioscorea rotundata Poir.) production and quality in selected yam zones of Nigeria. Ph.D. thesis, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. Pp 252.
Ajieh, P. C. (2012). Adoption of yam (Dioscorea spp.) minisett technology in Delta State, Nigeria. Agricultura Tropica et Subtropica, 45(2), 84–88.
Akoroda, M. O. (1985a). Dynamics of sprout emergence in Guinea yams. Zeitschrift fur Acker und Pflanzenbau (Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science), 154, 16–24.
Akoroda, M. O. (1985b). Sexual seed production in white yam. Seed Science and Technology, 13, 571–581.
Alvarez, M. N., & Hahn, S. K. (1984). Seed yam production. In E. R. Terry, E. V. Doku, O. B. Arene, & N. M. Mahungu (Eds.), Tropical root crops: Production and uses in Africa (pp. 129–132). Ottawa: Proc. 2nd triennial symp. of ISTRC-AB, IDRC-221e.
Amusa, N.A., Adegbite, A.A., Muhammed, S., & Baiyewu, R.A. (2003). Yam diseases and its management in Nigeria. African Journal of Biotechnology, 2(12), 497–502, December 2003 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJB. ISSN 1684–5315 © 2003 Academic Journals.
Asala, S., Alegbejo, M. D., Kashina, B., Banwo, O. O., Asiedu, R., & Lava-Kumar, P. (2012). Distribution and incidence of viruses infecting yam (Dioscorea spp.) in Nigeria. Global Journal Bio-Science and Biotechnology, 1(2), 163–167. ISSN 2278 – 9103 Shaw, Sydney. 2012.
Ayankanmi, T., Shiwachi, H., & Asiedu, R. (2005). Sprouting and yield of yam (Dioscorea spp.) minisetts in relation to sett size, soil moisture and agro-ecology. Tropical Science, 45, 23–27.
Balogun, M.O. (2005). Development of microtuber production and dormancy control protocols for yams (Dioscorea spp) germplasm conservation. Ph.D. Thesis. University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
Balogun, M. O. (2009). Microtubers in yam germplasm conservation and propagation: the status, the prospects and the constraints. Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Reviews, 4(1), 1–10.
Balogun, M.O., & Gueye, B. (2013). Status and prospects of biotechnology applications to conservation, propagation and genetic improvement of yam. In K.G. Ramawat, & J-M Merillon (Eds.), Bulbous Plants: Biotechnology (pp. 92–112). CRC Press.
Balogun, M. O., Ng, S. Y. C., Shiwachi, H., Ng, N. Q., & Fawole, I. (2004). Comparative effects of genotypes and explant source on microtuberization in yams (Dioscorea spp.). Tropical Science, 44, 196–200.
Balogun, M. O., Maroya, N., & Asiedu, R. (2014). Status and prospects for improving yam seed systems using temporary immersion bioreactors. African Journal of Biotechnology, 13(5), 1614–1622.
Barker, B. T. P. (1922). Studies on root development. Long Ashton Research Station; Annual Report, 1921, 9–57.
Cabanillas, E., & Martin, F. W. (1978). The propagation of edible yams from cuttings. Journal of Agriculture-University of Puerto Rico, 62(3), 249–254.
Carter, W. A. (1942). A method of growing plants in water vapor to facilitate examination of roots. Phytopathology, 732, 623–625.
Chikwendu, D. O., Chinaka, C. C., & Omotayo, A. M. (1995). Adoption of minisett technique of seed yams production by farmers in the eastern forest zone on Nigeria. Discovery and Innovation, 7(4), 367–375.
Craig, J. (1964). Studies of a mosaic disease of white yam (Dioscorea rotundata) in Western Region of Nigeria. Cited in: Emehute, J.K.U., Ikotun, T., Nwauzor, E.C. and Nwokocha, H.N. 1998. In Orkwor, G.C., Asiedu, R. & Ekanayake, I.J. (Eds.), Crop protection. In: Food yams: Advances in research (pp. 141–186).
Curtis, W. R. (2005a). Application of bioreactor design principles to plant micropropagation. Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture, 81(3), 255–264.
Curtis, W.R. (2005b). Application of bioreactor design principles to plant micropropagation. In Hvoslef-Eide, K., Preil, W. (eds), Chapter 2: Liquid systems for in vitro plant Propagation (pp. 21–40) Springer.
Curtis, M. (2013). Novel temporary immersion bioreactor allows the manipulation of headspace composition to improve plant tissue propagation. Dissertation. Penn State University: University Park, PA.
Degras, L. (1993). In C. Réné (Ed.), The yam: A tropical crop. London: Macmillan Press Ltd. 409 p.
Escalona, M. (2006). Temporary inmersion beats traditional techniques on all fronts. Prophyta Annual, 48–50.
FAO (2013). Food and agricultural organization of the United Nations. www.fao.org/statistics/en/ FAO, Rome
George, J. (1990). Effect of minisett sizes and nursery media on the sprouting of yams. Journal of Root Crops, 16(2), 71–75.
IITA (1985). Root and tuber improvement program. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture. Research Highlights 1981–1984, Ibadan, Nigeria.
IITA. (1986). Annual report of the root and tuber improvement program. Ibadan: International Institute of Tropical Agriculture.
IITA (2013a). Growing seed yams in the air. In IITA weekly Bulletin No 2175 of 3–7 June 2013. Page 3–4.
IITA (2013b). Researchers successfully grow seed yam in the air. In IITA weekly Bulletin No 2204 of 16–20 December 2013. Front page.
Kalu, B. A., Norman, J. C., Pal, V. R., & Adedzwa, D. K. (1989). Seed yam multiplication by the mini-sett technique in three yam species in a tropical guinea savanna location. Experimental Agriculture, 25, 181–188.
Kikuno, H., Matsumoto, R., Shiwachi, H., Youohara, H., & Asiedu, R. (2007). Comparative effects of explants sources and age of plant on rooting, shooting and tuber formation of Vine cutting of yams. Japanese Journal of Tropical Agriculture, 51(2), 71–72.
Kissiedu, A. F. K., Okoli, O. O., Asare-Bediako, M., Lamptey, J. N. L., & Danso, A. K. (1994). Ghana root and tuber crops research. In M. O. Akoroda (Ed.), Root crops for food security in Africa (pp. 435–440). Kampala: Proc. 5th Triennial Symp. of ISTRC-AB.
Kossou, D. K. (1990). Evaluation de practiques culturales relatives à la production de semenceaux et tubercules d’ignames (Dioscorea rotundata) au Bénin. Tropicultura, 8(2), 69–73.
Maroya, N., Balogun, M., & Asiedu, R. (2014). Seed Yam production in aeroponics system: a novel technology. YIIFSWA Working Paper No 2. Institute International of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria. 9 pp.
Ng, S. Y. C. (1994). Production and distribution of virus-free yam (Dioscorea rotundata Poir.). In F. Ofori & S. K. Hahn (Eds.), Tropical root crops in a developing economy (pp. 324–328). Accra: Proc. 9th Symp. of ISTRC.
Nweke, F.I., Ugwu, B.O., Asadu, C.L.A. & Ay, P. (1991). Production cost in the yam based cropping systems of southeastern Nigeria. RCPM Research Monograph No. 6. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria. 29pp.
Okoli, O. O., & Akoroda, M. O. (1995). Providing seed tubers for the production of food yams. Africa Journal of Root and Tuber Crops, 1(1), 1–6.
Okonmah, L. U. (1980). Rapid multiplication of yams (Manual Sieries No. 5). Ibadan: International Institute of Tropical Agriculture.
Onwueme, I. C. (1973). The tropical tuber crop: Yams, cassava, sweet potato, cocoyam. English language book society and John. Chichester: Wiley & Sons.
Onwueme, I.C. & Charles, W.B. (1994). Tropical root and tuber crops. Production, perspectives and future prospects. F.A.O. Plant Production and Protection Paper 126. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.
Otoo, J. A. (1992). Substitutes for chemicals, sawdust and plastic mulch in improved seed yam production. In M. O. Akoroda & O. B. Arene (Eds.), Promotion of root crop-based industries: An incentive for research and development (pp. 281–284). Kinshasa: Proc. 4th Triennial Symp. of ISTRC-AB.
Otoo, J. A., Osiru, D. S. O., Ng, S. Y., & Hahn, S. K. (1987). Improved technology for seed yam production. Ibadan: International Institute of Tropical Agriculture. 56 p.
Sadik, S., & Okereke, O. U. (1975). Flowering, pollen grain germination, fruiting, germination and seedling development of yam (Dioscorea rotundata Poir.). Annals of Botany, 39, 597–604.
Shaw, S. (2012). An improved temporary immersion bioreactor design for plant tissue culture propagation. Dissertation. Penn State University: University Park, PA.
Watt, M. P. (2012). The status of temporary immersion system (TIS) technology for plant micropropagation. African Journal of Biotechnology, 11(76), 14025–14035.
Xiao, Y., & Kozai, T. (2004). Commercial application of a photoautotrophic micropropagation system using large vessels with forced ventilation: plantlet growth and production cost. HortScience, 39(6), 1387–1391.
Yam, T. W., & Arditti, J. (2009). History of orchid propagation: a mirror of the history of biotechnology. Plant Biotechnology Reports, 3, 1–56.