Comparative review of foam formation in biogas plants and ruminant bloat
Tóm tắt
This review gives an overview of the current knowledge concerning the problem of foam formation in the process of anaerobic digestion in biogas plants that utilize renewable resources or biogenic waste material for biogas production. Process upsets in biogas production induced by foam formation can have a negative impact on the efficiency of biogas plants. The foam can block gas pipes and cause severe damage to the bioreactor equipment, ranging from a failure of the feeders to a damage of the roof of the biogas plant. The most common foam removal methods - stirring in the foam, adding anti-foaming agents, diminishing substrate feeding, and altering the biogas reactor management - are not always successful. However, the reasons for the excessive foam formation during the biogas production process have not yet been elucidated in detail. In contrast, foam building in the rumen of ruminants as a cause for bloat has been studied thoroughly. In general, the interaction between proteins, polysaccharides (mucilage), and small plant particles is assumed to be the crucial factor. As the fermentation process in the rumen has many similarities with the biogas production process, the current research results on bloat in ruminants are summarized and compared with the process of foaming in biogas plants.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Kuratorium für Technik und Bauwesen in der Landwirtschaft e.V Kuratorium für Technik und Bauwesen in der Landwirtschaft e.V. (KTBL): Landwirtschaftliche Biogasanlagen in Deutschland. In Kuratorium für Technik und Bauwesen in der Landwirstchaft e. V. Faustzahlen Biogas, Darmstadt; 2007:9–14.
German Biogas Association: Fachverband Biogas e. V. Biogas Branchenzahlen. Freising, Germany; 2011. http://www.biogas.org/edcom/webfvb.nsf/id/DE_Branchenzahlen. Accessed 16 Mar 2012
Moeller L, Görsch K, Müller RA, Zehnsdorf A: Bildung von Schaum in Biogasanlagen und seine Bekämpfung – Erfahrungen aus der Praxis. Landtechnik 2012,67(2):108–111.
Schumann W, Gurgel A: Schwachstellenanalyse an ausgewählten Biogasanlagen in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. In Abstracts of 1. Rostocker Bioenergieforum. Universität Rostock, Bioenergieland Mecklenburg-Vorpommern; 2007:24–25.
Pujol R, Duchene P, Schetrite S, Canler JP: Biological foams in activated sludge plants: characterization and situation. Wat Res 1991, 25: 1399–1404. 10.1016/0043-1354(91)90118-A
Ross RD, Ellis L-AM: Laboratory-scale investigation of foaming in anaerobic digesters. WER 1992, 62: 154–162.
Pagilla KR, Craney KC, Kido WH: Causes and effects of foaming in anaerobic sludge digesters. Wat Sci Tech 1997, 36: 463–470. 10.1016/S0273-1223(97)00556-8
Westlund ÅD, Hagland E, Rothman M: Foaming in anaerobic digesters caused by Microthrix parvicella. Wat Sci Tech 1998, 37: 51–55.
Westlund ÅD, Hagland E, Rothman M: Operational aspects on foaming in digesters caused by Microthrix parvicella. Wat Sci Tech 1998, 38: 29–34.
Barjenbruch M, Hoffmann H, Kopplow O, Tränckner J: Minimizing of foaming in digesters by pre-treatment of the surplus-sludge. Wat Sci Tech 2000, 42: 235–241.
Lemmer H, Lind G (Eds): Blähschlamm, Schaum, Schwimmschlamm. Mikrobiologie und Gegenmaßnahmen. F. Hirthammer Verlag, München; 2000.
Kopplow U: Maßnahmen zur Minderung des Schäumens im Faulbehälter unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Klärschlammdesintegration. Universität Rostock, Dissertation; 2006.
Ganidi N, Tyrrel S, Cartmell E: Anaerobic digestion foaming causes – a review. Bioresource Technol 2009, 100: 5546–5554. 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.06.024
Ganidi N, Tyrrel S, Cartmell E: The effect of organic loading rate on foam initiation during mesophilic anaerobic digestion of municipal wastewater sludge. Bioresource Technol 2011, 102: 6637–6643. 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.03.057
Mollet H, Grubenmann A (Eds): Formulierungstechnik. Weinheim, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH; 2000.
Pelton R: A review of antifoam mechanisms in fermentation. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2002, 29: 149–154. 10.1038/sj.jim.7000293
Vardar-Sukan F: Foaming: consequences, prevention and destruction. Biotechnol Adv 1998, 16: 913–948. 10.1016/S0734-9750(98)00010-X
Saharan BS, Rahu RK, Sharma D: A review on biosurfactants: fermentation, current developments and perspectives. Genet Eng Biotechnol J 2011, GEBJ-29.
Ward AJ, Hobbs PJ, Holliman PJ, Jones DL: Optimization of the anaerobic digestion of agricultural resources. Bioresource Technol 2008, 99: 7928–7940. 10.1016/j.biortech.2008.02.044
Switzenbaum MS, Giraldo-Gomez E, Hickey RF: Monitoring of the anaerobic methane fermentation process. Enzyme Microb Technol 1990, 12: 722–730. 10.1016/0141-0229(90)90142-D
Borcherding K: Untersuchungen zur Charakterisierung der Makro- und Mikrostruktur von Milchschäumen. Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Dissertation; 2004.
Dohányos M: Zvyšování efektivity fermentace – nejnovější poznatky ve výzkumu a praxi. Paper presented at 4th conference. Biomasa & Bioplyn, b.i.d. servis s.r.o, Prague; 2008:5–6.
Eder B, Schulz H: Der Biogas-Prozess. 4th edition. Ökobuch Verlag, Biogas Praxis, Freiburg; 2007.
Chen Y, Cheng JJ, Creamer KS: Inhibition of anaerobic digestion process: a review. Bioresource Technol 2008, 99: 4044–4064. 10.1016/j.biortech.2007.01.057
Baserga U: Vergärung organischer Reststoffe in landwirtschaftlichen Biogasanlagen. FAT-Berichte 2000, 546: 1–9.
Knol W, van der Most MM, de Waart J: Biogas production by anaerobic digestion of fruit and vegetable waste. A preliminary study. J Sci Fd Agric 1978, 29: 822–830. 10.1002/jsfa.2740290913
Meuser F, Busch KG, Fuhrmeister H, Rubach K: Foam-forming capacity of substances present in rye. Cereal Chem 2001, 78: 50–54. 10.1094/CCHEM.2001.78.1.50
Zehle F: Die Entstehung von Schaumstrukturen in Backwaren und deren Vorprodukten. Informationsmaterial der IGV GmbH zur iba. 2009. http://www.igv-gmbh.de/aktuelles/projekte/entstehung-vonschaumstrukturen-in-backwaren.html. Accessed 15 Feb 2012
Oelsner E: Vergärung von Gülle und Hühnermist in der Mörsodorfer Agrar GmbH. In Biogas im Wandel, 16th annual conference of Fachverband Biogas. , Leipzig; 2007.
Effenberger M, Lebuhn M, Gronauer A: Biogas im Wandel, 16th annual conference of Fachverband Biogas. In Fermentermanagement: Stabiler Prozess bei NawaRo-Anlagen. , Leipzig; 2007.
Bayrische Landesanstalt für Landwirtschaft: Biogastechnologie zur umweltverträglichen Flüssigmistverwertung und Energiegewinnung in Wasserschutzgebieten. LfL-Schriftenreihe 23/2006. Bayerische Landesanstalt für Landwirtschaft, Freising-Weihenstephan; 2006.
Wetter C, Brügging E: Leitfaden zum Bau einer Biogasanlage, ed. Fachhochschule Münster, Vol 4. Umweltamt des Kreises Steinfurt, Münster; 2004.
Moeller L, Herbes C, Müller RA, Zehnsdorf A: Schaumbildung und –bekämpfung im Prozess der anaeroben Gärung. Landtechnik 2010, 65: 204–207.
Baumann T: Du sollst… Die 13 Biogas-Gebote. DLZ 2005, 4: 26–31.
Neis U: Bekämpfung von Bläh- und Schwimmschlamm mit Ultraschall. In Ultraschall in der Umwelttechnik - III. Edited by: Neis U. Hamburger Berichte zur Siedlungswasserwirtschaft, GFEU, TU Hamburg-Harburg; 2005.
Hofmann R: Einsatz von Kemwater-Entschäumern besänftigt schlaflose Mitarbeiter. Der Kemwaterspiegel - Das Magazin für Wasseraufbereitung von Kemira Kemwater. , ; 2003:5.
Clarke RTJ, Reid CSW: Foamy bloat of cattle. A review. J Dairy Sci 1974, 57: 753–785. 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(74)84964-7
Cole HH, Huffmann CF, Kleiber M, Olson TM, Schalk AF: A review of bloat in ruminants. J Anim Sci 1945, 4: 183–236.
Yami A, Zewdie S: Bloat in sheep and goats: causes, prevention and treatment. In Technical bulletin No. 31, Ethiopia sheep and goat productivity improvement program (ESGPIP). Edited by: Merkel RC, Dawson L. ESGPIP, Addis Ababa; 2009:1–9.
Wang Y, Majak W, McAllister T: Frothy bloat in ruminants: cause, occurrence, and mitigation strategies. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2012, 172: 103–114. 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.12.012
Cole HH, Amadon RS, Doughetty RW, Espe D, Huffmann CG, Olson TM, Schalk AF: Bloat in cattle and sheep. Recommendations for prevention. Canadial J Comp Med 1943,VII(9):273–275.
Harris PJ, Sebba F: Possible relationship between trace metals and bloat in ruminants. Nature 1965, 208: 869–871. 10.1038/208869a0
Aerts RJ, Barry TN, McNabb WC: Polyphenols and agriculture: beneficial effects of proanthocyanidins in forages. Agricult Ecosys Environ 1999, 75: 1–12. 10.1016/S0167-8809(99)00062-6
Majak W, McAllister TA, McCartney D, Stanford K, Cheng K-J: Bloat in cattle. Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development, Canada; 2003.
Colvin HW, Backus RC: Bloat in sheep (Ovis aries). Mini Review Comp Biochem Physiol 1988, 91A: 635–644.
Head MJ: Bloat in cattle. Nature 1959, 183: 757.
Hall JW, Majak W: Plant and animal factors in legume bloat. In Toxicants of plant origin, Vol 3, Proteins and amino acids. Edited by: Cheeke PR. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA; 1989.
Howarth RE, Majak W, Waldern DE, Brandt SA, Fesser AC, Goplen BP, Spurr DT: Relationships between ruminant bloat and the chemical composition of alfalfa herbage. I Nitrogen and protein fractions. Can J Anim Sci 1977, 57: 345–357. 10.4141/cjas77-043
Howarth RE, Cheng K-J, Majak W, Costerston JW: Ruminant bloat. In Control of digestion and metabolism in ruminants. Edited by: Milligan LP, Grovum WL, Dobson A. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, USA; 1986.
Velisek J: Voda. In Chemie potravin 2. Edited by: Velisek J. Ossis, Tábor; 1999:110–153.
Lindahl IL, Cook AC, Davis RE, Maclay WD: Preliminary investigations on the role of alfalfa saponin in ruminant bloat. Science 1954, 119: 157–158. 10.1126/science.119.3083.157
Ruffin BG: Controlling bloat in cattle. Alabama Cooperative Extension System ANR-148, AL, USA; 1994.
Rochfort S, Parker AJ, Dunshea FR: Plant bioactives for ruminant health and productivity. Review Phytochemistry 2008, 69: 299–322. 10.1016/j.phytochem.2007.08.017
McSweeney CS, Palmer B, McNeill DM, Krause DO: Microbial interactions with tannins: nutritional consequences for ruminants. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2001, 91: 83–93. 10.1016/S0377-8401(01)00232-2
Majak W, Hall JW, Mc Caughey WP: Pasture management strategies for reducing the risk of legume bloat in cattle. J Anim Sci 1995, 73: 1493–1498.
Breves G: Nahrungsaufnahme und Speichelsekretion. In Physiologie der Haustiere. 2nd edition. Edited by: Engelhardt WV. Enke Verlag, Stuttgart; 2005.