Uneven-aged management options to promote forest resilience for climate change adaptation: effects of group selection and harvesting intensity
Tóm tắt
Climate change is expected to increase forest vulnerability through disturbances such as windstorms and droughts. Forest managers are therefore investigating strategies to increase forest resistance and resilience, especially by promoting uneven-aged and mixed forests through group selection, and by reducing stand stocking and large trees proportion. However, there is little information on the long-term impacts of these two practices. The objectives of this study were (1) to develop an original silviculture algorithm designed for uneven-aged management and (2) to use it to assess the effects of the above-mentioned management methods in long-term simulations. We simulated individual and group selection techniques in order to study the effects of group size, harvesting intensity and their interactions on wood production, stand heterogeneity, and regeneration in mountain spruce–fir forests. We used the spatially explicit individual-based forest model Samsara2 to simulate forest dynamics. Our simulation results confirmed the positive effect of group selection practices on structure diversity and regeneration but not on spruce maintenance. Increasing harvesting intensity enabled forest destocking but decreased structure diversity and led to non-sustained yields for the most intensive scenarios. As adaptation measure, we thus recommend moderate group selection harvesting creating 500 m2 gaps.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Andersson M, Dahlin B, Mossberg M (2005) The forest time machine—a multi-purpose forest management decision-support system. Comput Electron Agric 49:114–128
Arii K, Caspersen JP, Trevor AJ, Sean CT (2008) A selection harvesting algorithm for use in spatially explicit individual-based forest simulation models. Ecol Model 211:251–266
Beniston M, Stephenson DB, Christensen OB, Ferro CAT, Frei C, Goyette S, Halsnaes K, Holt T, Jylha K, Koffi B, Palutikof J, Scholl R, Semmler T, Woth K (2007) Future extreme events in European climate: an exploration of regional climate model projections. Climate Change 81:71–95
Bohn KK, Nyland RD, Yanai RD (2011) Comparing selection system and diameter-limit cutting in uneven-aged northern hardwoods using computer simulation. Can J For Res-Rev Can Rech For 41:963–973
Bolton NW, D'Amato AW (2011) Regeneration responses to gap size and coarse woody debris within natural disturbance-based silvicultural systems in northeastern Minnesota, USA. For Ecol Manag 262:1215–1222
Burschel P, El Kateb H, Mosandl R (1992) Experiments in mixed mountain forests in Bavaria. In: Kelty MJ, Larson BC, Oliver CD (eds) The ecology and silviculture of mixed-species forests. Kluwer, New York, pp 183–215
Clark PJ, Evans FC (1954) Distance to nearest neighbour as a measure of spatial relationships in populations. Ecology 35:445–453
Coates KD (2002) Tree recruitment in gaps of various size, clearcuts and undisturbed mixed forest of interior British Columbia, Canada. For Ecol Manag 155:387–398
Cordonnier T, Courbaud B, Berger F, Franc A (2008) Permanence of resilience and protection efficiency in mountain Norway spruce forest stands: a simulation study. For Ecol Manag 256:347–354
Courbaud B, Goreaud F, Dreyfus P, Bonnet F (2001) Evaluating thinning strategies using a tree distance dependent growth model: some examples based on the CAPSIS software "uneven-aged spruce forests" module. For Ecol Manag 145:15–28
Courbaud B, De Coligny F, Cordonnier T (2003) Simulating radiation distribution in a heterogeneous Norway spruce forest on a slope. Agri For Meteo 116:1–18
DeClerck FAJ, Barbour MG, Sawyer JO (2006) Species richness and stand stability in conifer forests of the Sierra Nevada. Ecology 87:2787–2799
Diaci J, Firm D (2011) Long-term dynamics of a mixed conifer stand in Slovenia managed with a farmer selection system. For Ecol Manag 262:931–939
Dreyfus P (2012) Joint simulation of stand dynamics and landscape evolution using a tree-level model for mixed uneven-aged forests. Ann For Sci 69:283–303
Duduman G (2011) A forest management planning tool to create highly diverse uneven-aged stands. Forestry 84:301–314
Dufour-Kowalski S, Courbaud B, Dreyfus P, Meredieu C, de Coligny F (2012) Capsis: an open software framework and community for forest growth modelling. Ann For Sci 69:221–233
Fuhr M, Gatel JF, Weyant J, Durand N, Breton V, Favier G (2012) Large gaps dynamics in moutain forests (Northern Alps)—dynamique des grandes trouées en forêt de montagne (Alpes du Nord). Projet INTERREG IV Franco-Suisse FORETS DE PROTECTION/Action n° 3.2.7. Irstea
Ganio LM, Puettmann KJ (2008) Designing long-term, large-scale forestry experiments with research objectives at multiple scales. J Sustain For 26:1–18
Gauquelin X, Courbaud B (2006) Guide des sylvicultures de montagne—Alpes du Nord françaises. Cemagref, CRPF Rhône-Alpes, ONF
Goreaud F, Alvarez I, Courbaud B, De Coligny F (2006) Long-term influence of the spatial structure of an initial state on the dynamics of a forest growth model: a simulation study using the Capsis platform. Simulation 82:475–495
Grassi G, Minotta G, Tonon G, Bagnaresi U (2004) Dynamics of Norway spruce and silver fir natural regeneration in a mixed stand under uneven-aged management. Can J For Res-Rev Can Rech For 34:141–149
Jactel H, Brockerhoff EG (2007) Tree diversity reduces herbivory by forest insects. Ecol Lett 10:835–848
Jactel H, Nicoll BC, Branco M, Gonzalez-Olabarria JR, Grodzki W, Langstrom B, Moreira F, Netherer S, Orazio C, Piou D, Santos H, Schelhaas MJ, Tojic K, Vodde F (2009) The influences of forest stand management on biotic and abiotic risks of damage. Ann For Sci 66:701–719
Lafond V, Cordonnier T, De Coligny F, Courbaud B (2012) Reconstructing harvesting diameter distribution from aggregate data. Ann For Sci 69:235–243
Legay M, Mortier F, Mengin-Lecreulx P, Cordonnier T (2007) La gestion forestière face aux changements climatiques : tirons les premiers enseignements. Rendez-vous techniques de l’ONF:95–102
Loisel P (2011) Faustmann rotation and population dynamics in the presence of a risk of destructive events. J For Econ 17:235–247
Motta R, Haudemand J-C (2000) Protective forests and silvicultural stability. Mt Res Dev 20:180–187
O'Hara KL (2006) Multiaged forest stands for protection forests: concepts and applications. For Snow Landsc Res 80:45–55
O'Hara KL, Hasenauer H, Kindermann G (2007) Sustainability in multi-aged stands: an analysis of long-term plenter systems. Forestry 80:163–181
Peng C (2000) Understanding the role of forest simulation models in sustainable forest management. Environ Impact Assess Rev 20:481–501
Pretzsch H, Grote R, Reineking B, Rotzer T, Seifert S (2008) Models for forest ecosystem management: a European perspective. Ann Bot 101:1065–1087
Puettmann KJ (2011) Silvicultural challenges and options in the context of global change: "simple" fixes and opportunities for new management approaches. J For 109:321–331
Schütz JP (1997) Silviculture 2. Management of irregular and mixed stands—sylviculture 2. La gestion des forêts irrégulières et mélangées. Gérer l'environnement. Presses polytechniques et universitaires romandes, Lausanne, Switzerland
Seidl R, Rammer W, Lexer MJ (2011a) Adaptation options to reduce climate change vulnerability of sustainable forest management in the Austrian Alps. Can J For Res 41:694–706
Seidl R, Rammer W, Lexer MJ (2011b) Climate change vulnerability of sustainable forest management in the Eastern Alps. Climate Change 106:225–254
Seidl R, Schelhaas MJ, Lexer MJ (2011c) Unraveling the drivers of intensifying forest disturbance regimes in Europe. Glob Chang Biol 17:2842–2852
Söderbergh I, Ledermann T (2003) Algorithms for simulating thinning and harvesting in five European individual-tree growth simulators: a review. Comput Electron Agric 39:115–140
Sohn JA, Kohler M, Gessler A, Bauhus J (2012) Interactions of thinning and stem height on the drought response of radial stem growth and isotopic composition of Norway spruce (Picea abies). Tree Physiol 32:1199–1213
Streit K, Wunder J, Brang P (2009) Slit-shaped gaps are a successful silvicultural technique to promote Picea abies regeneration in mountain forests of the Swiss Alps. For Ecol Manag 257:1902–1909
Valbuena R, Packalen P, Martin-Fernandez S, Maltamo M (2012) Diversity and equitability ordering profiles applied to study forest structure. For Ecol Manage 276:185–195
Vieilledent G, Courbaud B, Kunstler G, Dhote J-F, Clark JS (2010) Individual variability in tree allometry determines light resource allocation in forest ecosystems: a hierarchical Bayesian approach. Oecologia 163:759–773
Webster CR, Lorimer CG (2005) Minimum opening sizes for canopy recruitment of midtolerant tree species: a retrospective approach. Ecol Appl 15:1245–1262