Spatial distribution of heavy metals in soil, water, and vegetables of farms in Sanandaj, Kurdistan, Iran

Afshin Maleki1, Hassan Amini2,3,1, Shahrokh Nazmara4, Shiva Zandi1, Amir Hossein Mahvi4,5
1Kurdistan Environmental Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
2Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH), Basel, Switzerland
3University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
4Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
5Center for Solid Waste Research (CSWR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), ehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

Tóm tắt

Heavy metals are ubiquitous elsewhere in nature and their measurement in environment is necessary to develop health management strategies. In this study, we aimed to find out concentrations and spatial patterns of heavy metals in main farms of Sanandaj in Kurdistan, Iran. Over May to October 2012, six farms were selected to analyze concentrations and spatial patterns of several heavy metals, namely aluminum (Al), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) in their soil, irrigation water, and edible vegetables. Overall, 36 samples of soil and water and 72 samples of vegetables including coriander (Coriandrum sativum), dill (Anethum graveolens), radish (Raphanus sativus) root and radish leaf were collected. The concentrations of metals were determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. The spatial surfaces of heavy metals were created using geospatial information system. The order of metals in soil was Al > Zn > Ni > Cu > Cr > Pb > Co > As > Cd while in water it was Cr > Co > Zn > Pb > Cu > Ni > Al = As = Cd. The order of heavy metals in vegetables was Al > Zn > Cu > Cr > Ni > Pb > Co > As > Cd. Totally, the minimum concentrations of Al, Cu, Pb, and Zn were found in radish root while the maximum of Al, Co, Cr, and Ni were found in radish leaf. The minimum concentrations of Cd and Cr and maximum concentrations of Cu and Zn were also deciphered in dill. Noteworthy, coriander had the minimum concentrations of Co and Ni. The concentrations of Cr and Pb in vegetables were more than maximum allowable limits of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO). In summary, albeit the concentrations of heavy metals in soil and water samples were below FAO and the WHO standards, vegetables were contaminated by chromium and lead.

Tài liệu tham khảo

Nagajyoti P, Lee K, Sreekanth T: Heavy metals, occurrence and toxicity for plants: a review. Environ Chem Lett 2010, 8: 199–216. 10.1007/s10311-010-0297-8 Nriagu JO: History of global metal pollution. Science 1996, 272: 223–224. 10.1126/science.272.5259.223 Järup L: Hazards of heavy metal contamination. Br Med Bull 2003, 68: 167–182. 10.1093/bmb/ldg032 Tong S, von Schirnding YE, Prapamontol T: Environmental lead exposure: a public health problem of global dimensions. Bull World Health Organ 2000, 78: 1068–1077. Neff JM: Ecotoxicology of arsenic in the marine environment. Environ Toxicol Chem 1997, 16: 917–927. Duker AA, Carranza E, Hale M: Arsenic geochemistry and health. Environ Int 2005, 31: 631–641. 10.1016/j.envint.2004.10.020 Thompson J, Bannigan J: Cadmium: toxic effects on the reproductive system and the embryo. Reprod Toxicol 2008, 25: 304–315. 10.1016/j.reprotox.2008.02.001 Wagner GJ: Accumulation of cadmium in crop plants and its consequences to human health. Adv Agron 1993, 51: 173–212. 10.1016/S0065-2113(08)60593-3 Waisberg M, Joseph P, Hale B, Beyersmann D: Molecular and cellular mechanisms of cadmium carcinogenesis. Toxicology 2003, 192: 95–117. 10.1016/S0300-483X(03)00305-6 Denkhaus E, Salnikow K: Nickel essentiality, toxicity, and carcinogenicity. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2002, 42: 35–56. 10.1016/S1040-8428(01)00214-1 Zahir F, Rizwi SJ, Haq SK, Khan RH: Low dose mercury toxicity and human health. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2005, 20: 351–360. 10.1016/j.etap.2005.03.007 Nishijo M, Nakagawa H, Morikawa Y, Tabata M, Senma M, Miura K, Takahara H, Kawano S, Nishi M, Mizukoshi K: Mortality of inhabitants in an area polluted by cadmium: 15 year follow up. Occup Environ Med 1995, 52: 181–184. 10.1136/oem.52.3.181 Hayashi C, Koizumi N, Nishio H, Koizumi N, Ikeda M: Cadmium and other metal levels in autopsy samples from a cadmium-polluted area and Non-polluted control areas in Japan. Biol Trace Elem Res 2012, 145: 10–22. 10.1007/s12011-011-9155-1 Weiss B, Clarkson TW, Simon W: Silent latency periods in methylmercury poisoning and in neurodegenerative disease. Environ Health Perspect 2002, 110: 851. 10.1289/ehp.02110s5851 Staessen JA, Roels HA, Emelianov D, Kuznetsova T, Thijs L, Vangronsveld J, Fagard R: Environmental exposure to cadmium, forearm bone density, and risk of fractures: prospective population study. Public health and environmental exposure to cadmium (PheeCad) study group. Lancet 1999, 353: 1140. 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)09356-8 Kolonel LN: Association of cadmium with renal cancer. Cancer 1976, 37: 1782–1787. 10.1002/1097-0142(197604)37:4<1782::AID-CNCR2820370424>3.0.CO;2-F Lanphear BP, Hornung R, Khoury J, Yolton K, Baghurst P, Bellinger DC, Canfield RL, Dietrich KN, Bornschein R, Greene T: Low-level environmental lead exposure and children’s intellectual function: an international pooled analysis. Environ Health Perspect 2005, 113: 894. 10.1289/ehp.7688 Liu J-X, Zhou G-B, Chen S-J, Chen Z: Arsenic compounds: revived ancient remedies in the fight against human malignancies. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2012, 16: 92–98. 10.1016/j.cbpa.2012.01.015 Clemens S: Toxic metal accumulation, responses to exposure and mechanisms of tolerance in plants. Biochimie 2006, 88: 1707–1719. 10.1016/j.biochi.2006.07.003 Volesky B, Holan Z: Biosorption of heavy metals. Biotechnol Prog 1995, 11: 235–250. 10.1021/bp00033a001 Veglio F, Beolchini F: Removal of metals by biosorption: a review. Hydrometallurgy 1997, 44: 301–316. 10.1016/S0304-386X(96)00059-X QuSheng L, ShaSha C, CeHui M, Bei C, LiHua P, FangBing Y: Toxic effects of heavy metals and their accumulation in vegetables grown in a saline soil. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2010, 73: 84–88. 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2009.09.002 Clemens S, Palmgren MG, Krämer U: A long way ahead: understanding and engineering plant metal accumulation. Trends Plant Sci 2002, 7: 309–315. 10.1016/S1360-1385(02)02295-1 Maleki A, Zarasvand Alasvand M: Heavy metals in selected edible vegetables and estimation of their daily intake in Sanandaj, Iran. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2008, 39: 335–340. Mohajer R, Salehi M, Mohammadi J: Accumulation of cadmium and lead in soils and vegetables of Lenjanat Region in Isfahan Province, Iran. Int J Agronomy Plant Product 2012, 3: 576–578. Eslami A, Khaniki GJ, Nurani M, Mehrasbi M, Peyda M, Azimi R: Heavy metals in edible green vegetables grown along the sites of the Zanjanrood river in Zanjan, Iran. J Biol Sci 2007, 7: 943–948. 10.3923/jbs.2007.943.948 Pourang N, Noori AS: Assessment of metals in fourteen species of vegetables and crops cultivated in a suburban area using multivariate analyses. Toxicol Environ Chem 2012, 94: 694–712. 10.1080/02772248.2012.672574 Aghili F, Khoshgoftarmanesh A, Afyuni M, Schulin R: Health risks of heavy metals through consumption of greenhouse vegetables grown in central Iran. Hum Ecol Risk Assess 2009, 15: 999–1015. 10.1080/10807030903153337 Wang L, Guo Z, Xiao X, Chen T, Liao X, Song J, Wu B: Heavy metal pollution of soils and vegetables in the midstream and downstream of the Xiangjiang River, Hunan Province. J Geogr Sci 2008, 18: 353–362. 10.1007/s11442-008-0353-5 Wei B, Yang L: A review of heavy metal contaminations in urban soils, urban road dusts and agricultural soils from China. Microchem J 2010, 94: 99–107. 10.1016/j.microc.2009.09.014 Akrong MO, Cobbina SJ, Ampofo JA: Assessment of heavy metals in lettuce grown in soils irrigated with different water sources in the Accra metropolis. Res J Environ Earth Sci 2012, 4: 576–582. Wang XL, Sato T, Xing BS, Tao S: Health risks of heavy metals to the general public in Tianjin, China via consumption of vegetables and fish. Sci Total Environ 2005, 350: 28–37. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.09.044 Bahemuka TE, Mubofu EB: Heavy metals in edible green vegetables grown along the sites of the Sinza and Msimbazi rivers in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Food Chem 1999, 66: 63–66. 10.1016/S0308-8146(98)00213-1 Karyab H, Mahvi AH, Nazmara S, Bahojb A: Determination of water sources contamination to diazinon and malathion and spatial pollution patterns in Qazvin, Iran. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2013, 90: 126–131. 10.1007/s00128-012-0880-8 Amini H, Taghavi-Shahri SM, Henderson SB, Naddafi K, Nabizadeh R, Yunesian M: Land use regression models to estimate the annual and seasonal spatial variability of sulfur dioxide and particulate matter in Tehran, Iran. Sci Total Environ 2014, 488: 343–353. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.106 Hosseini G, Maleki A, Amini H, Mohammadi S, Hassanvand MS, Giahi O, Gharibi F: Health impact assessment of particulate matter in Sanandaj, Kurdistan, Iran. J Adv Environ Health Res 2014, 2: 54–62. Sridhara Chary N, Kamala C, Samuel Suman Raj D: Assessing risk of heavy metals from consuming food grown on sewage irrigated soils and food chain transfer. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2008, 69: 513–524. 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2007.04.013 Weldegebriel Y, Chandravanshi BS, Wondimu T: Concentration levels of metals in vegetables grown in soils irrigated with river water in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2012, 77: 57–63. 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2011.10.011 Rice E, Baird R, Eaton A, Clesceri L: Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste Water. 22nd edition. American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation, Baltimore; 2012. Tiwari K, Singh N, Patel M, Tiwari M, Rai U: Metal contamination of soil and translocation in vegetables growing under industrial wastewater irrigated agricultural field of Vadodara, Gujarat, India. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2011, 74: 1670–1677. 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2011.04.029 El Bassam N, Tietjen C: Municipal sludge as organic fertilizer with special reference to the heavy metals constituents. In Soil Organic Matter Studies. IAEA, Vienna; 1977. McGrath S, Chang A, Page A, Witter E: Land application of sewage sludge: scientific perspectives of heavy metal loading limits in Europe and the United States. Environ Rev 1994, 2: 108–118. 10.1139/a94-006 Maleki A, Gharibi F, Alimohammadi M, Daraei H, Zandsalimi Y: Concentration levels of heavy metals in irrigation water and vegetables grown in peri-urban areas of Sanandaj, Iran. J Adv Environ Health Res 2014, 1: 81–88. Codex Alimentarius Commission (FAO/WHO): Food Additives and Contaminants, ALINORM 01/12A. 2001:1–289. Hernandez L, Probst A, Probst J, Ulrich E: Heavy metal distribution in some French forest soils: evidence for atmospheric contamination. Sci Total Environ 2003, 312: 195–219. 10.1016/S0048-9697(03)00223-7 US Environmental Protection Agency: Ecological soil screening level for aluminum. Interim final. OSWER Directive 9285. Washington, DC: 2003:7-60. Basta N, Ryan J, Chaney R: Trace element chemistry in residual-treated soil. J Environ Qual 2005, 34: 49–63. Mulder J, Rasmussen L, Driscoll C: Aluminum chemistry of acidic sandy soils with various inputs of acidic deposition in The Netherlands and in Denmark. In Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology of Aluminum. Edited by Lewis T. CRC Press; 1989:171-194. Finkelstein Y, Markowitz ME, Rosen JF: Low-level lead-induced neurotoxicity in children: an update on central nervous system effects. Brain Res Rev 1998, 27: 168–176. 10.1016/S0165-0173(98)00011-3 Givehchi R, Arhami M, Tajrishy M: Contribution of the Middle Eastern dust source areas to PM10 Levels in urban receptors: case study of Tehran, Iran. Atmos Environ 2013, 75: 287–295. 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.04.039 Gharehchahi E, Mahvi AH, Amini H, Nabizadeh R, Akhlaghi AA, Shamsipour M, Yunesian M: Health impact assessment of air pollution in Shiraz, Iran: a two-part study. J Environ Health Sci Eng 2013, 11: 1–8. 10.1186/2052-336X-11-11 Singh HP, Mahajan P, Kaur S, Batish DR, Kohli RK: Chromium toxicity and tolerance in plants. Environ Chem Lett 2013, 1-26. Shanker AK, Cervantes C, Loza-Tavera H, Avudainayagam S: Chromium toxicity in plants. Environ Int 2005, 31: 739–753. 10.1016/j.envint.2005.02.003 Costa M, Klein CB: Toxicity and carcinogenicity of chromium compounds in humans. CRC Crit Rev Toxicol 2006, 36: 155–163. 10.1080/10408440500534032 Finster ME, Gray KA, Binns HJ: Lead levels of edibles grown in contaminated residential soils: a field survey. Sci Total Environ 2004, 320: 245–257. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2003.08.009 Sipter E, Rózsa E, Gruiz K, Títrai E, Morvai V: Site-specific risk assessment in contaminated vegetable gardens. Chemosphere 2008, 71: 1301–1307. 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.11.039