Xenopus embryos regulate the nuclear localization of XMyoD.

Genes and Development - Tập 8 Số 11 - Trang 1311-1323 - 1994
Ralph A.W. Rupp1, Lauren Snider, H Weintraub
1Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, Washington 98104.

Tóm tắt

Injection of Xenopus myoD mRNA into Xenopus embryos leads to only a modest activation of myogenic markers. In contrast, we show that injected mouse myoD mRNA leads to a potent activation. We postulate that XMyoD is under negative control in frog embryos, but because of slight sequence differences, mouse MyoD fails to see the negative signal. Whereas mMyoD is constitutively nuclear, XMyoD is largely cytoplasmic except in a region of the embryo that includes the location where mesoderm induction occurs; there, it is nuclear. At MBT, endogenous XmyoD mRNA is expressed ubiquitously in the frog embryo. Our results suggest that this expression would lead to cytoplasmic XMyoD protein. Among other events, muscle induction might remove this negative regulation, allow MyoD to enter the nucleus, and establish an autoregulatory loop that could commit cells to myogenesis.

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

10.1007/BF00383771

10.1083/jcb.95.3.763

10.1016/0092-8674(90)90214-Y

1989, A novel human muscle factor related to but distinct from MyoD1 induces myogenic conversion in 10T1/2 fibroblasts., EMBO J., 8, 701, 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1989.tb03429.x

1990, Myf-6, a new member of the human gene family of myogenic determination factors: Evidence for a gene cluster on chromosome 12., EMBO J., 9, 821, 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1990.tb08179.x

10.1016/0092-8674(92)90507-9

1992, Making muscle in mammals., Trends Genet., 8, 144, 10.1016/0168-9525(92)90081-E

10.1073/pnas.87.20.7988

1987, Single-step method of RNA isolation by acid guanidinium thiocyanate-phenolchloroform extraction., Anal. Biochem., 162, 156

1991, Xwnt-8, a Xenopus Wnt-1/int-1-related gene responsive to mesoderm-inducing growth factors, may play a role in ventral mesodermal patterning during embryogenesis., Development, 111, 1045, 10.1242/dev.111.4.1045

1991, Pathways of degradation and mechanism of action of antisense oligonucleotides in Xenopus laevis embryos., Antisense Res. Dev., 1, 11, 10.1089/ard.1991.1.11

10.1016/0092-8674(87)90585-X

1989, A wholemount immunocytochemical analysis of the expression of the intermediate filament protein vimentin in Xenopus., Development, 105, 61, 10.1242/dev.105.1.61

1987, Differential accuion of oocyte nuclear proteins by embryonic nuclei of Xenopus., Development, 101, 829, 10.1242/dev.101.4.829

10.1016/0959-437X(93)90033-L

1985, Isolation of monoclonal antibodies specific for human c-myc proto-oncogene product., Mol. Cell. Biol., 5, 3610

1991, Transient expression of XMyoD in non-somitic mesoderm of Xenopus gastrulae., Development, 113, 1387, 10.1242/dev.113.4.1387

10.1101/gad.5.11.2108

1991, Dorsoventral pattern formation in Drosophila: Signal transduction and nuclear targeting., Trends Genet., 7, 119

10.1016/S0092-8674(85)80072-6

1988, Stability of RNA in developing Xenopus embryos and identification of a destabilizing sequence in TFIIIA messenger RNA., Development, 102, 837, 10.1242/dev.102.4.837

1990, The Xenopus MyoD gene: An unlocalized maternal mRNA predates lineage-restricted expression in the early embryo., Development, 108, 669, 10.1242/dev.108.4.669

10.1038/364501a0

1989, Expression of an engrailed-related protein is induced in the anterior neural ectoderm of early Xenopus embryos., Development, 106, 611, 10.1242/dev.106.3.611

Higuchi, R. 1990. Recombinant PCR. In PCR protocols: A guide to methods and application (ed. M.A. Innis, D.H. Gelfand, and J.J. Sninsky), pp. 177–183. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.

10.1038/347197a0

1989, MyoD expression in the forming somites is an early response to mesoderm induction in Xenopus embryos., EMBO J., 8, 3409, 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1989.tb08505.x

1991, Xenopus Myf-5 marks early muscle cells and can activate muscle genes ectopically in early embryos., Development, 111, 551, 10.1242/dev.111.2.551

1992, Expression of XMyoD protein in early Xenopus laevis embryos., Development, 114, 31, 10.1242/dev.114.1.31

1987, The development of animal cap cells in Xenopus: A measure of the start of animal cap competence to form mesoderm., Development, 101, 557, 10.1242/dev.101.3.557

10.1073/pnas.90.4.1310

10.1016/0012-1606(75)90331-0

1991, Early embryonic development of Xenopus laevis., Methods Cell Biol., 6, 61

1992, Synergistic principles in development: Overlapping patterning systems in Xenopus mesoderm induction., Development, 116, 1, 10.1242/dev.116.1.1

10.1038/308067a0

10.1016/0168-9525(86)90286-6

1985, Developmental regulation of a gastrula-specific gene injected into fertilized Xenopus eggs., EMBO J., 4, 3463, 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1985.tb04105.x

10.1016/0012-1606(89)90300-X

10.1073/pnas.87.3.1089

1992, Skeletal muscle phenotypes initiated by ectopic MyoD in transgenic mouse heart., Development, 114, 853, 10.1242/dev.114.4.853

1990, mRNA poly(A) tail, a 3′ enhancer of translational initiation., Mol. Cell. Biol., 10, 3441

10.1016/0092-8674(89)90682-X

10.1038/364532a0

10.1016/0092-8674(82)90273-2

1969, The formation of mesoderm in urodelean amphibians. I. Induction by endoderm., Wilhelm Roux's Arch. Dev. Biol., 102, 341

Nieuwkoop, P.D. and J. Faber. 1967. Normal table of Xenopus laevis (Daudin), 2nd ed. North Holland Publishing Company, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

10.1016/0012-1606(92)90066-P

10.1101/gad.3.12b.2050

10.1016/0092-8674(89)90774-5

10.1083/jcb.115.3.587

10.1016/0092-8674(92)90508-A

10.1016/0092-8674(93)90621-V

10.1016/0092-8674(91)90545-A

10.1016/0092-8674(89)90772-1

1990, Two distinct Xenopus genes with homology to MyoD1 are expressed before somite formation in early embryogenesis., Mol. Cell. Biol., 10, 1516

1993, The frog prince-ss: A molecular formula for dorsoventral patterning in Xenopus., Genes & Dev., 7, 1, 10.1101/gad.7.1.1

10.1016/0925-4773(93)90040-5

10.1016/0092-8674(92)90316-5

10.1016/0092-8674(91)90069-B

10.1007/BF00650029

10.1126/science.3175662

10.1016/0092-8674(89)90838-6

10.1016/0092-8674(90)90445-K

Turner, D.L. and Weintraub. H. 1994. Expression of achaetescute homolog 3 in Xenopus embryos converts ectodermal cells to a neural fate. Genes & Dev. (in press).

1994, Nulcear import of the myogenic factor MyoD requires cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity but not the direct phosphorylation of MyoD., J. Cell Sci., 107, 613, 10.1242/jcs.107.2.613

10.1016/0092-8674(93)90610-3

1989, Activation of muscle-specific genes in pigment, nerve, fat, liver, and fibroblast cell lines by forced expression of MyoD., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 89, 5434

10.1126/science.1846704

10.1101/gad.5.8.1377

1993, Signal transduction and nuclear targeting: Regulation of transcription factor activity by subcellular localisation., J. Cell Sci., 104, 949, 10.1242/jcs.104.4.949

10.1073/pnas.89.20.9410

10.1016/0960-9822(93)90141-A

10.1016/0092-8674(89)90583-7