Physiological concentrations of purines and pyrimidines

Traut TW: Enzymes of nucleotide metabolism: The significance of subunit size and polymemr size for biological function and regulatory properties. CRC Crit Rev Biochem 23: 121–169, 1988 Traut TW: Uridine-5′-phosphate Synthase: Evidence for substrate cycling involving this bifunctional protein. Arch Biochem Biophys 268: 108–115, 1989 El Khouni MH, Naguib FNM, Park KS, Cha S, Darnowski JW, Soong S-J: Circadian rhythm of hepatic uridine phosphorylase activity and plasma concentrations of uridine in mice. Biochem Pharmacol 40: 2479–2485, 1990 Caradonna SJ, Adamkiewicz DM: Purification and properties of the deoxyguanosine triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase, enzyme derived from HeLa S3 cells. J Biol Chem 259: 5459–5464, 1984 Hochstadt J: The role of the membrane in the utilization of nucleic acid precursors. CRC Crit Rev Biochem 9: 259–310, 1974 Plagemann PGW, Wohlhueter RM, Erbe J Facilitated transport of inosine and uridine in cultured mammalian cells is independent of nucleoside phosphorylase. Biochim Biophys Acta 640: 448–462, 1981 Fuller S, Hutton JJ Meier J, Coleman MS: Deoxynucleotide-interconverting enzymes and the quantification of deoxynucleoside triphosphates in mammalian cells. Biochem J 206: 131–138, 1982 Kemp AJ, Lyons SD, Christopherson RI Effects of acivicin and dichloroallyl Lawsone upon pyrimidine biosynthesis in mouse L1210 leukemia cells. J Biol Chem 261: 14891–14895, 1986 Moyer JD, Henderson JF: Compartmentation of intracellular nucleotides in mammalian cells. CRC Crit Rev Biochem 19: 45–61, 1985 Siebert G: The limited contribution of the nuclear envelope to metabolic compartmentation. Biochem Soc Trans 6: 5–9, 1978 Kuebbing D, Werner R: A model for compartmentation ofde novo and salvage thymidine nucleotide pools in mammalian cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 72: 3333–3336, 1975 Nicander B, Reichard P: Dynamics of pyrimidine deoxynucleoside triphosphate pools in relationship to DNA synthesis in 3T6 mouse fibroblasts. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 80: 1347–1351, 1983 Plagemann PGW: Nucleotide pools of Novikoff hepatoma cells growing in suspension culture. II. Independent nucleotide pools for nucleic acid synthesis. J Cell Physiol 77: 241–258, 1971 Pels Rijken WR, Overdijk B, van den Eijnden DH, Ferwerda W: Pyrimidine nucleotide metabolism in rat hepatocytes: evidence for compartmentation of nucleotide pools. Biochem J 293: 207–213, 1993 Cheng N, Payne RC, Traut TW: Regulation of uridine kinase. Evidence for a regulatory site. J Biol Chem 261: 13006–13012 1986 Stärk D, Hannover R, Siebert G: Nucleotides and coenzymes in nuclei isolated from rat liver. Hoppe-Seyler's Z Physiol Chem 359: 1203–1208, 1978 Soboll S, Scholz R, Heldt HW: Subcellular metabolite concentrations. Dependence of mitochondrial and cytosolic ATP systems on the metabolic state of the perfused rat liver. Eur J Biochem 87 377–390, 1978 Akerboom TPM, Bookelman H, Zuurendonk PF, van der Meer R, Tager JM: Intramitochondrial and extramitochondrial concentrations of machine nucleotides and inorganic phosphate in isolated hepatocytes from fasted rats. Eur J Biochem 84: 413–420, 1978 Lavoinne A: Repartition of ATP, ADP and PO4 in isolated hepatocytes from fed and fasted rats. Biochimie 65: 71–75, 1983 Ropp PA, Traut TW: Allosteric regulation of purine nucleoside phosphorylase. Arch Biochem Biophys 288: 614–620, 1991 Downs SM, Coleman DL, Ward-Bailey PF, Eppig JJ: Hypoxanthine is the principal inhibitor of murine oocyte maturation in a low molecular weight fraction of porcine follicular fluid. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82: 454–458, 1985 Dudman NPB, Deveski WB, Tattersall MHN: Radioimmunoassays of plasma thymidine, uridine, deoxyuridine, and cytidine/deoxycytidine. Anal Biochem 115: 428–437, 1981 Werner A, Siems W, Gerber G: Purine and pyridine nucleotides in rabbit red blood cells of different maturity. Cell Biochem Funct 6: 251–256, 1988 Werner A, Siems W, Schmidt H, Rapoport I, Gerber G: Determination of nucleotides, nucleoside, and nucleobases in cells of different complexity by reverse-phase and ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatog 421: 257–265, 1987 Pillwein K, Jayaram HN, Weber G: Effect of ischemia on nucleosides and bases in rat liver and hepatoma 3924A. Cancer Res 47: 3092–3096 1987 Arnold ST, Cysyk RL: Adenosine export from the liver: oxygen dependency. Am J Physiol 251: G34-G39, 1986 Rustum YM: High-performance liquid chromatography: I. Quantitative separation of purine and pyrimidine nucleosides and bases. Anal Biochem 90: 289–299, 1978 Fredholm BB: Analysis of purines. Life Sci 41: 837–840, 1987 Maguire MH, Westermeyer FA: Measurement of adenosine, inosine and hypoxanthine in human term placenta by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatog 380: 55–66, 1986 Olivares J, Rossi A: Synthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides in rat myocardium: potential role of blood cytidine. J Mol Cell Cardiol 20: 313–322, 1988 Olivares J, Verdys M: Isocratic high-performance liquid chromatographic method for studying the metabolism of blood plasma pyrimidine nucleosides and bases: concentrations and radioactivity measurements. J Chromatog 434: 111–121, 1988 Moyer JD, Oliver JT, Handschumacher RE: Salvage of, circulating pyrimidine nucleosides in the rat. Cancer Res 41: 3010–3017, 1981 Staak S, Popov N, Matthies H: Effects of intraperitoneally-applied D-galactosamine on uridine and cytidine plasma content and brain activity of uridine kinase in the rat. Biomed Biochim Acta 48: 325–331, 1989 Gerrits GPJM, Monnens LAH, DeAbreu RA, Schröder CH, Trijbels JMF, Gabreëls FJM: Disturbances of cerebral purine and pyrimidine metabolism in young children with chronic renal failure. Nephron 58: 310–314, 1991 Berlinger WG, Stene RA, Spector R, Al-Jurf AS: Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid nucleosides and oxypurines in acute liver failure. J Lab Clin Med 110: 137–141, 1987 Steyn LM, Harley EH: Intracellular activity of HPRTCape Town: Purine uptake and growth of cultured cells in selective media. J Inher Metab Dis 8: 198–203, 1985 Hartwick RA, Krstulovic AM, Brown PR: Identification and quantitation of nucleosides, bases and other UV-absorbing compounds in serum, using reversed-phase high-performance chromatography. J Chromatog 186: 659–676, 1979 Akaoka I, Nishizawa T, Nishida Y: Determination of hypoxanthine and xanthine in plasma separated by thin-layer chromatography. Biochem Med 14: 285–289, 1975 McBurney A, Gibson T: Reverse phase partition HPLC for determination of plasma purines and pyrimidines in subjects with gout and renal failure. Clin Chim Acta 102: 19–28, 1980 Wung WE, Howell SB: Simultaneous liquid chromatography of 5-fluorouracil, uridine, hypoxanthine, xanthine, uric acid, allopurinol, and oxipurinol in plasma. Clin Chem 26: 1704–1708, 1980 Stene R, Spector R: Effect of a 400-kilocalorie carbohydrate diet on human plasma uridine and hypoxanthine concentrations. Biochem Med Metabol Biol 38: 44–46, 1987 Fürst W, Hallström S: Simultaneous determination of myocardial nucleotides, nucleosides, purine bases and creatine phosphate by ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatog 578: 39–44, 1992 Mueller RA, Rosner MJ, Ghia JN, Powers SK, Kafer ER, Hunt RD: Alterations in cerebrospinal fluid uridine, hypoxanthine, and xanthine in head-injured patients. Cell Molec Neurobiol 8 235–243, 1988 Kish J, Fox IH, Kapur BM, Lloyd K, Hornykiewicz O: Brain benzodiazepine receptor binding and purine concentration in Lesh-Nyhan syndrome. Brain Res 336: 117–123, 1985 Harkness RA, Lund RJ: Cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of hypoxanthine, xanthine, uridine and inosine: high concentrations of the ATP metabolite, hypoxanthine, after hypoxia. J Clin Pathol 36: 1–8, 1983 Smith LH Jr, Huguley CM, Bain JA: In: J.B. Stanbury, J.B. Wyngaarden DS and D.S. Frederickson (eds). The Metabolic Basis of Inhorited Disease. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1972, pp 1003–1029 Hitchings GH: Indications for control mechanism in purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis as revealed by studies with inhibitors. Adv Enz Regul 12: 121–129, 1974 Pilz RB, Willis RC, Boss GR: The influence of ribose-5-phosphate availability on purine synthesis of cultured human lymphoblasts and mitogenstimulated lymphocytes. J Biol Chem 259: 2927–2935, 1984 Cortes P, Dumler F, Paielli DL, Levin NW: Glomerular uracil nucleotide synthesis: effects of diabetes and protein intake. Am J Physiol 255: F647-F655, 1988 Simmonds HA, Reiter S, Davies PM, Cameron JS: Orotidine accumulation in human erythrocytes during allopurinol therapy: association with high urinary oxypurinol-7-riboside concentrations in renal failure and in the Lesh-Nyhan syndrome. Clin Sci 80: 191–197, 1991 Schaer J-C, Maurer U, Schindler R: Determination of thymidine in serum used for cell culture media. Exp Cell Biol 46: 1–10, 1978 Hughes WL, Christine M, Stoller BD: A radioimmunoassay for measuring serum thymidine. Anal Biochem 55: 468–478, 1973 Bodycote J, Wolff S: Metabolic breakdown of3H-thymidine and the inability to measure human lymphocyte proliferation of incorporation of radioactivity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA: 4749–4753, 1986 Van Groeningen CJ, Peters GJ, Nadal JC, Laurensse E, Pinede HM: Clinical and pharmacologic study of orally administered uridine. J Natl Canc Inst 83: 437–441, 1991 Parry TE, Blackmore JA: Serum ‘uracil + uridine’ levels before and after vitamine B12 therapy in pernicious anemia. J Clin Pathol 27: 789–793, 1974 Darnowski J, Handschumacher RE: Tissue uridine pools: evidencein vivo of a concentrative mechanism for uridine uptake. Cancer Res 46: 3490–3494, 1986 Chan TCK, Markman M, Cleary S, Howell SB: Plasma uridine changes in cancer patients treated with the combination of dipyridamole and N-phosphonacetyl-L-aspartate. Cancer Res 46: 3168–3172, 1986 Harkness RA, Simmonds RJ, Gough P, Priscott PK, Squire JA: Purine base and nucleoside, cytidine and uridine concentrations in foetal calf and other sera. Biochem Soc Trans 8: 139, 1980 Bismuth G, Thuillier L, Perignon J-L, Cartier PH: Uridine as the only alternative to pyrimidinede novo synthesis in rat T lymphocytes. FEBS Lett 148: 135–139, 1982 Karle JM, Anderson LW, Erlichman C, Cysyk RL: Serum uridine levels in patients receiving N-(phosphonacetyl)-L-aspartate. Cancer Res 40: 2938–2940, 1980 Karle JM, Anderson LW, Dietrick DD, Cysyk RL: Determination of serum and plasma uridine levels in mice, rats and humans by high preisure liquid chromatography. Anal Biochem 109: 41–46, 1980 Jackson RC: The regulation of thymidylate biosynthesis in Novikolf hepatoma cells and the effects of amethopterin, 5-fluorouridine, and 3-deazauridine. J Biol Chem 253: 7440–7446, 1978 Jackson RC, Lui MS, Boritzki TJ, Morris HP, Weber G: Purine and pyrimidine nucleotide patterns of normal, differentiating, and regenerating liver and of hepatomas in rats. Canc Res 40: 1286–1291, 1980 Hauschka PV: Analysis of nucleotide pools in animal cells. Meth Cell Biol 7: 361–462, 1973 North TW, Bestwick RK, Mathews CK: Detection of activities that interfere with the enzymatic assay of deoxyribonucleoside-5-triphosphates. J Biol Chem 255: 6640–6645, 1980 Skoog L, Bursell G: Nuclear and cytoplasmic pools of deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates in Chinese hamster ovary cells. J Biol Chem 249: 6434–6438, 1974 Lui MS, Faderman MA, Liepnieks JJ, Natsumeda Y, Olah E, Jayaram HN, Weber G: Modulation of IMP dehydrogenase activity and guanylate metabolism by tiazofurin (2-β-D-ribofuranosylthiazole-4-carboxamide). J Biol Chem 259: 5078–5082, 1984 Tyrsted G: The pool size of deoxyguanosine 5′-triphosphate and deoxycytidine 5′-triphosphate in phytohemagglutinin-stimulated and non-stimulated human lymphocytes. Exp Cell Res 91: 429–440, 1975 Maybaum J, Klein FK, Sadee WJ: Determination of pyrimidine ribotide and deoxyribotide pools in cultured cells and mouse liver by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatog 188: 149–158, 1980 Goulian M, Bleile B, Tseng BY: Methotrexate-induced misincorporation of uracil into DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 77: 1956–1960, 1980 Olivera BM, Manlapaz-Ramos P, Warner HR, Duncan BK: DNA intermediates at theEscherichia coli replication fork. II. Studies usingdut andung mutantsin vitro. J Mol Biol 128: 265–275, 1979 Nilsson S, Reichard P, Skoog L: Deoxyuridine triphosphate pools after polyoma virus infection. J Biol Chem 255: 9552–9555, 1980 Just G, Holler E: Enhanced levels of cyclic AMP, adenosine (5′)tetraphospho(5′)adenosine and nucleoside 5′-triphosphates in mouse leukemia P388/D1 after treatment withcis-diaminedichloroplatinum(II). Biochem Pharmacol 42: 285–294, 1991 Marongiu ME, August EM, Prusoff WH: Effect of 3′-deoxythymidine-2′-ene (d4T) on nucleoside metabolism in H9 cells. Biochem Pharmacol 39: 1523–1528, 1990 Bishop C, Rankine DM, Talbott JH: The nucleotides in normal human blood. J Biol Chem 234: 1233–1237, 1959 Torrance JD, Whittaker D: Distribution of erythrocyte nucleotides in pyrimidine 5′-nucleotidase deficiency. Brit J Haematol 43: 423–434, 1979 Snyder FF, Cruikshank MK, Seegmiller JE: A comparison of purine metabolism and nucleotide pools in normal and hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase-deficient neuroblastoma cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 543: 556–569, 1978 Faupel RP, Seitz HJ, Tarnowski W: The problem of tissue sampling from experimental animals with respect to freezing technique, anoxia, stress and narcosis. Arch Biochem Biophys 148: 509–522, 1972 Jackson RC, Boritzki TJ, Morris HP, Weber G: Purine and pyrimidine ribonucleotide contents of rat liver and hepatoma 3924A and the effect of ischaemia. Life Sci 19: 1531–1536, 1976 Woods RA, Henderson RM, Henderson JF: Consequences of inhibition of purine biosynthesisde novo by 6-mercaptopurine ribonucleoside in cultured lymphoma L5178 cells. Eur J Cancer 14: 765–770, 1978 Henderson JF, Zombor G: Effects of misonidazole on purine metabolism in Ehrlich ascites tumor cellsin vitro. Biochem Pharmacol 29: 2533–2536, 1980 Weber G, Lui MS, Jayaram HN, Pillwein K, Natsumeda Y, Faderman MA, Reardon MA: Regulation of purine and pyrimidine metabolism by insulin and by resistance to tiazofurin. Adv Enz Regul 23: 81–99, 1985 Keppler DO, Pausch J, Decker K: Selective uridine triphosphate deficiency induced by D-galactosamine in liver and reversed by pyrimidine nucleotide precursors. J Biol Chem 249: 211–216, 1974 Volkin E, Boling ME, Lee WH, Jones MH: The effect of chemical mutagens on purine and pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis. Biochim Biophys Acta 755: 217–224, 1983 Snyder FF, Seegmiller JE: The adenosine-like effect of exogenous cyclic AMP upon nucleotide and PP-ribose-P concentrations of cultured human lymphoblasts. FEBS Lett 66: 102–106, 1976 Sant ME, Poiner A, Harsanyi MC, Lyons SD, Christopherson RI: Chromatographic analysis of purine precursors in mouse L1210 leukemia. Anal Biochem 182: 121–128, 1989 De Korte D, Haverkort WA, Van Gennip AH, Roos D: Nucleotide profiles of normal human blood cells determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. Anal Biochem 147: 197–209, 1985 Pagani R, Tabuchi A, Carlucci F, Leoncini R, Consolmagno E, Molinelli M, Valerio P: Some aspects of purine nucleotide metabolism in human lymphocytes before and after infection with HIV-1 virus: nucleotide content. Adv Exp Med Biol 309B: 43–46, 1991 Hisanaga K, Onodera H, Kogure K: Changes in levels of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides during acute hypoxia and recovery in neonatal rat brain. J Neurochem 47: 1344–1350, 1986 Bates DJ, Perret D, Mowbray J: Systematic variations in the content of the purine nucleotides in the steady-state perfused rat heart. Biochem J 176: 485–493, 1978 Wright DG: A role for guanine ribonucleotides in regulation of myeloid cell maturation. Blood 69: 334–337, 1987 Henninger H, Holstege A, Herrmann B, Anukarahanonta T, Keppler DOR: Depletion of cytidine triphosphate as a consequence of cellslar uridine triphosphate deficiency. FEBS Lett 103: 165–167, 1979 Bowen JW, Levinson C: Phosphate concentration and transport in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells: Effect of sodium. J Cell Physiol 110: 149–154, 1982 Schwartz PM, Moir RD, Hyde CM, Turek PJ, Handschumacher RE: Role of uridine phosphorylase in the anabolism of 5-fluorouracil. Biochem Pharmacol 34: 3585–3589, 1985 Cory JG, Breland JC, Carter GL: Effects of 5-fluorouracil on RNA metabolism in Novikoff hepatoma cells. Cancer Res 39: 4905–4913, 1979 Peters GJ, Veerkamp JH: Concentration, synthesis and utilization of phosphoribosylpyrophosphate in lymphocytes of five mammalian species. Int J Biochem 10: 885–888, 1980 Hisata T: An accurate method for estimating 5-phosphoribosyl 1-pyrophosphate in animal tissues with the use of acid extraction. Anal Biochem 68: 448–457, 1975 May SR, Krooth RS: Determination of the intracellular concentration of 5′-phosphorribosyl-pyrophosphate in cultured mammalian fibroblasts. Anal Biochem 75: 389–401, 1976 Webb JL: Enzymes and Metabolic Inhibitors. Academic Press, New York, 1963 Gupta RK, Yushok WD: Noninvasive31P NMR probes of free Mg2+ MgATP, and MgADP in intact Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 77: 2487–2491, 1980 Snyder FF, Henderson JF, Kim SC, Paterson ARP, Brox LW: Purine nucleotide metabolism and nucleotide pool sizes in synchronized lymphoma L5178Y cells. Cancer Res 33: 2425–2430, 1973 Cadman E, Benz C: Uridine and cytidine metabolism following inhibition ofde novo pyrimidine synthesis by pyrazofurin. Biochim Biophys Acta 609: 372–382, 1980 Veech RL, Lawson JWR, Cornell NW, Krebs HA: Cytosolic phosphorylation potential. J Biol Chem 254: 6538–6547, 1979 Goldenberg CJ, Stein WD: Increase in the affinity of the uridine phosphorylation system for ATP after serum or insulin activation of 3T3 fibroblasts. J Supramol Struct 9: 489–496, 1978 Bolla RI, Miller JK: Endogenous nucleotide pools and protein incorporation into liver nuclei from young and old rats. Mech Ageing Devel 12: 107–118, 1980 Scavennec J, Maraninchi D, Gastaut J-A, Carcassonne Y, Cailla HL: Purine and pyrimidine ribonucleoside monophosphate patterns of peripheral blood and bone marrow cells in human acute leukemias. Cancer Res 42: 1326–1330, 1982 Schlomai J, Kornberg AJ: Deoxyuridine triphosphatase ofEscherichia coli. J Biol Chem 253: 3305–3312, 1978