Postbiotics in human health: Possible new functional ingredients?

Aguilar-Toála, 2018, Postbiotics: An evolving term within the functional foods field, Trends in Food Science & Technology, 75, 105, 10.1016/j.tifs.2018.03.009 Amalaradjou, 2013, Bioengineered probiotics, a strategic approach to control enteric infections, Bioengineered, 4, 379, 10.4161/bioe.23574 Anderson, 2016, IL-6-driven STAT signalling in circulating CD4+ lymphocytes is a marker for early anticitrullinated peptide antibody-negative rheumatoid arthritis, Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 75, 466, 10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-205850 Arumugam, 2011, Enterotypes of the human gut microbiome, Nature, 473, 174, 10.1038/nature09944 Azarnia, 2010, Proteolysis development in enzyme-modified Cheddar cheese using natural and recombinant enzymes of Lactobacillus rhamnosus S93, Food Chemistry, 120, 174, 10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.10.003 Banjari, 2018, Dietary sources of iron and vitamin B12: Is this the missing link in colorectal carcinogenesis?, Medical Hypotheses, 116, 105, 10.1016/j.mehy.2018.05.003 Barrón-González, M.P., Mireles-Rangel., C., Cuellar-Guevara, F.L., Eguiarte-Lara, D.J. & Quiñones-Gutiérrez, Y. (2019). Inhibición de Enterobacter cloacae por Bifidobacterium longum. Investigación y Ciencia de la Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, 77, 19–26. https://doi.org/10.33064/iycuaa2019772094. Bastos, 2010, Lysostaphin: A staphylococcal bacteriolysin with potential clinical applications, Pharmaceuticals, 3, 1139, 10.3390/ph3041139 Bavin, E. M., Beach, A. S., Falconer, R., & Fried-Mann, R. (1952). Nisin in experimental tuberculosis.Lancet, 127–129. Besselink, 2008, Probiotic prophylaxis in patients with predicted severe acute pancreatitis: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, Nederlands tijdschrift voor geneeskunde, 152, 685 Beulens, 2013, The role of menaquinones (vitamin K2) in human health, British Journal of Nutrition, 110, 1357, 10.1017/S0007114513001013 Biesalski, 2016, Nutrition meets the microbiome: Micronutrients and the microbiota, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1372, 53, 10.1111/nyas.13145 Binder. (2010). Role of Colonic Short-Chain Fatty Acid Transport in Diarrhea. Annual Revier of Physiology, 72, 297–313. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-physiol-021909-135817. Borah, 2019, Probiotic characterization of indigenous Bacillus velezensis strain DU14 isolated from Apong, a traditionally fermented rice beer of Assam, Biocatalysis and agricultural biotechnology, 18, 10.1016/j.bcab.2019.01.046 Borrero, 2014, Modified lactic acid bacteria detect and inhibit multiresistant enterococci, ACS Synthetic Biology, 4, 299, 10.1021/sb500090b Bouter, 2018, Differential metabolic effects of oral butyrate treatment in lean versus metabolic syndrome subjects, Clinical and Translational Gastroenterology, 9, 155, 10.1038/s41424-018-0025-4 Breuer, 1991, Rectal irrigation with short-chain fatty acids for distal ulcerative colitis, Digestive Diseases and Science, 36, 185, 10.1007/BF01300754 Broniec, 2011, Interactions of plasmalogens and their diacyl analogs with singlet oxygen in selected model systems, Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 50, 892, 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.01.002 Brown, 2013, Wall teichoic acids of gram-positive bacteria, Annual Review of Microbiology, 67, 313, 10.1146/annurev-micro-092412-155620 Butt, 2018, Optimal production of proteases from bacillus subtilis using submerged fermentation, Pakistan Journal of Life & Social Sciences, 16 Canfora, 2015, Short-chain fatty acids in control of body weight and insulin sensitivity, Nature Reviews Endocrinology, 11, 577, 10.1038/nrendo.2015.128 Castillo-Álvarez, 2017, Role of intestinal microbiota in the development of multiple sclerosis, Neurología, 32, 175, 10.1016/j.nrl.2015.07.005 Cavallari, J.F., Dullerton, M.D., Duggan, B.M., Foley, K.P., Denou, E., Smith, B.K., Desjardins, E.M., Henriksbo, B.D., Kim, K.J., Tuinema, B.R., Stearns, J.C., Prescott, D., Rosenstiel, P., Coombes, B.k., Steinberg, G.R. y Schertzer, J.D. (2017). Muramyl Dipeptide-Based Postbiotics Mitigate Obesity-Induced Insulin Resistance via IRF4. Cell Metabolism, 25(5), 1063–1074. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2017.03.021. Chaluvadi, S., Hotchkiss, A. T. & Yam, K. L. (2016). Gut microbiota: impact of probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, pharmabiotics, a postbiotics on human health. In R.R. Watson, & V.R. Preedy (Eds.), Probiotics, Prebiotics and Synbiotics. Bioactive 645 Foods in Health Promotion (pp. 515–523). London: Elsevier. Chen, 2013, Enhanced production of short-chain fatty acid by co-fermentation of waste activated sludge and kitchen waste under alkaline conditions and its application to microbial fuel cells, Applied Energy, 102, 1197, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.06.056 Chuah, 2019, Postbiotic metabolites produced by Lactobacillus plantarum strains exert selective cytotoxicity effects on cancer cells, BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 19, 10.1186/s12906-019-2528-2 Chung, 2017, Antimicrobial peptides as potential anti-biofilm agents against multidrug-resistant bacteria, Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection, 50, 405, 10.1016/j.jmii.2016.12.005 Cicenia, 2014, Postbiotic activities of lactobacilli-derived factors, Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology, 48, 18, 10.1097/MCG.0000000000000231 Claesson, 2012, Gut microbiota composition correlates with diet and health in the elderly, Natura, 488, 178, 10.1038/nature11319 Collado, 2019, Postbiotics: Facts and open questions. A position paper on the need for a consensus definition, Beneficial Microbes, 10, 711, 10.3920/BM2019.0015 Compare, 2017, Lactobacillus casei DG and its postbiotic reduce the inflammatory mucosal response: An ex-vivo organ culture model of post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome, BMC Gastroenterology, 17, 10.1186/s12876-017-0605-x Contesini, 2018, An overview of Bacillus proteases: From production to application, Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 38, 321, 10.1080/07388551.2017.1354354 Cui, 2019, Lactobacillus reuteri ZJ617 culture supernatant attenuates acute liver injury induced in mice by lipopolysaccharide, The Journal of Nutrition, 149, 2046, 10.1093/jn/nxz088 Cummings, 1987, Short chain fatty acids in human large intestine, portal, hepatic and venous blood, Gut, 28, 1221, 10.1136/gut.28.10.1221 da Silva Sabo, 2017, Inhibitory substances production by Lactobacillus plantarum ST16Pa cultured in hydrolyzed cheese whey supplemented with soybean flour and their antimicrobial efficiency as biopreservatives on fresh chicken meat, Food Research International, 99, 762, 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.05.026 Da Silva, 2012, Antimicrobial peptides: Clinical relevance and therapeutic implications, Peptides, 36, 308, 10.1016/j.peptides.2012.05.014 Danneskiold-Samsøe, 2019, Interplay between food and gut microbiota in health and disease, Food Research International, 115, 23, 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.07.043 de Giori, 2018, Folate Production by Lactic Acid Bacteria, 15 del Carmen Beristain-Bauza, 2017, Antimicrobial activity of whey protein films supplemented with Lactobacillus sakei cell-free supernatant on fresh beef, Food Microbiology, 62, 207, 10.1016/j.fm.2016.10.024 Demler, 2010, Reaction engineering analysis of hydrogenotrophic production of acetic acid by Acetobacterium woodii, Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 108, 10.1002/bit.22935 Deshpande, 2018, Para-probiotics for preterm neonates-the next frontier, Nutrients, 10, 871, 10.3390/nu10070871 Di Sabatino, 2005, Oral butyrate for mildly to moderately active Crohn's disease, Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 22, 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2005.02639.x Dinić, 2017, Lactobacillus fermentum postbiotic-induced autophagy as potential approach for treatment of acetaminophen hepatotoxicity, Frontiers in Microbiology, 8, 594, 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00594 Dunand, 2019, Postbiotics produced at laboratory and industrial level as potential functional food ingredients with the capacity to protect mice against Salmonella infection, Journal of Applied Microbiology, 127, 219, 10.1111/jam.14276 Duncan, 2014, Lactate-Utilizing Bacteria, Isolated from Human Feces, That Produce Butyrate as a Major Fermentation Product, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 70, 5810, 10.1128/AEM.70.10.5810-5817.2004 Epand, 2015, Membrane curvature modulation of protein activity determined by NMR, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Biomembranes, 1848, 220, 10.1016/j.bbamem.2014.05.004 Fernandes Messias, 2018, Plasma lipidomic signature of rectal adenocarcinoma reveals potential biomarkers, Frontiers in Oncology, 7, 325, 10.3389/fonc.2017.00325 Flint, 2015, Links between diet, gut microbiota composition and gut metabolism, The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 74, 13, 10.1017/S0029665114001463 Flint, 2012, The role of the gut microbiota in nutrition and health, Nature Reviews Gastroenterolory & Hepatology, 9, 577, 10.1038/nrgastro.2012.156 Franco-Robles, 2016, Agavins Increase Neurotrophic Factors and Decrease Oxidative Stress in the Brains of High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice, Molecules, 21, 998, 10.3390/molecules21080998 Frost, G., Sleeth, M.L., Sahuri-Arisoylu, M., Lizarbe, B., Cerdan, S., Brody, L., Anastasovska, J., Ghourab, S., Hankir, M., Zhang, S., Carling, D., Swann, J.R., Gibson, G., Viardot, A., Morrison, D., Thomas, E.L. & Bell., J.D. (2014). The short-chain fatty acid acetate reduces appetite via a central homeostatic mechanism. Nature Communications, 5(3611). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms4611. Gallego-García, 2019, A bacterial light response reveals an orphan desaturase for human plasmalogen synthesis, Science, 366, 128, 10.1126/science.aay1436 Gao, 2019, A Novel Postbiotic From Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG With a Beneficial Effect on Intestinal Barrier Function, Frontiers in Microbiology, 10, 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00477 Gill, 2018, Short chain fatty acids as potential therapeutic agents in human gastrointestinal and inflammatory disorders, Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 48, 15, 10.1111/apt.14689 Giorgetti, G., Brandimarte, G., Fabiocchi, F., Ricci, S., Flamini, P., Sandri, G., ... & Picchio, M. (2015). Interactions between innate immunity, microbiota, and probiotics.Journal of Immunology Research,2015. Gotoh, 2007, The regulation of adipogenesis through GPR120, Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 354, 591, 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.01.028 Granato, 2017, The Microbiota of Humans and Microbial Virulence Factors, Biological Safety Principles and Practices, 1 Haileselassie, 2016, Postbiotic Modulation of Retinoic Acid Imprinted Mucosal-like Dendritic Cells by Probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri 17938 In Vitro, Frontiers in Immunology, 7, 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00096 Han, 2001, Plasmalogen deficiency in early Alzheimer's disease subjects and in animal models: Molecular characterization using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, Journal of Neurochemistry, 77, 1168, 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2001.00332.x Haring, 1989, Treatment of Diversion Colitis with Short-Chain-Fatty Acid Irrigation, The New England Journal of Medicine, 320, 23, 10.1056/NEJM198901053200105 Himanen, 1993, Biological activities of lipoteichoic acid and peptidoglycan-teichoic acid of Bacillus subtilis 168 (Marburg), Journal of General Microbiology, 139, 2659, 10.1099/00221287-139-11-2659 Hols, 2019, Mobilization of microbiota commensals and their bacteriocins for therapeutics, Trends in Microbiology, 10.1016/j.tim.2019.03.007 Hossain, 2018, Oral ingestion of plasmalogens can attenuate the LPS-induced memory loss and microglial activation, Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 496, 1033, 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.01.078 Huang, 2020, Physicochemical, microbiological, rheological, and sensory properties of yoghurts with new polysaccharide extracts from Lactarius volemus Fr. using three probiotics, International Journal of Dairy Technology, 73, 168, 10.1111/1471-0307.12653 Kelly, 2015, Crosstalk between microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids and intestinal epithelial HIF augments tissue barrier function, Cell Host & Microbe, 17, 662, 10.1016/j.chom.2015.03.005 Kim, 2018, Microbial metabolites, short-chain fatty acids, restrain tissue bacterial load, chronic inflammation, and associated cancer in the colon of mice, European Journal of Immunology, 48, 1235, 10.1002/eji.201747122 Klemashevich, 2014, Rational identification of diet-derived postbiotics for improving intestinal microbiota function, Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 26, 85, 10.1016/j.copbio.2013.10.006 Koh, 2016, From Dietary Fiber to Host Physiology: Short-Chain Fatty Acids as Key Bacterial Metabolites, Cell, 165, 1332, 10.1016/j.cell.2016.05.041 Kokai-Kun, 2009, Lysostaphin eradicates established Staphylococcus aureus biofilms in jugular vein catheterized mice, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 64, 94, 10.1093/jac/dkp145 Kumar, 2017, Microbial Enzyme Engineering: Applications and Perspectives Lebeer, 2012, Functional analysis of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG pili in relation to adhesion and immunomodulatory interactions with intestinal epithelial cells, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 78, 185, 10.1128/AEM.06192-11 LeBlanc, 2013, Bacteria as vitamin suppliers to their host: A gut microbiota perspective, Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 24, 160, 10.1016/j.copbio.2012.08.005 Liong, 2008, Safety of probiotics: Translocation and infection, Nutrition reviews, 66, 192, 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2008.00024.x Lü, 2014, Purification of novel bacteriocin produced by Lactobacillus coryniformis MXJ 32 for inhibiting bacterial foodborne pathogens including antibiotic-resistant microorganisms, Food Control, 46, 264, 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.05.028 Luceri, 2016, Effect of butyrate enemas on gene expression profiles and endoscopic/histopathological scores of diverted colorectal mucosa: A randomized trial, Digestive and Liver Disease, 48, 27, 10.1016/j.dld.2015.09.005 Mangal-Patel, 2013, Therapeutic use of prebiotics, probiotics, and postbiotics to prevent necrotizing entorocolitis, Clinics in Perinatology, 40, 11, 10.1016/j.clp.2012.12.002 Marchesi, 2016, The gut microbiota and host health: A new clinical frontier, Gut, 65, 330, 10.1136/gutjnl-2015-309990 Marietta, 2015, Immunogenetic control of the intestinal microbiota, Immunology, 145, 313, 10.1111/imm.12474 Mato, 2014, Systems biology for hepatologists, Hepatology, 60, 736, 10.1002/hep.27023 Melo, 2009, Antimicrobial peptides: Linking partition, activity and high membrane-bound concentrations, Nature Reviews Microbiology, 7, 245, 10.1038/nrmicro2095 Mitrofanova, O., Mardanova, A., Evtugyn, V., Bogomolnaya, L., & Sharipova, M. (2017). Effects of Bacillus serine proteases on the bacterial biofilms.BioMed research international,2017. Mohamed, 2017, A short D-enantiomeric antimicrobial peptide with potent immunomodulatory and antibiofilm activity against multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii, Scientific reports, 7, 1, 10.1038/s41598-017-07440-0 Mokoena, 2017, Lactic acid bacteria and their bacteriocins: Classification, biosynthesis and applications against uropathogens: A mini-review, Molecules, 22, 1255, 10.3390/molecules22081255 Moradi, M., Tajik, H., Mardani, K., & Ezati, P. (2019). Efficacy of lyophilized cell-free supernatant of Lactobacillus salivarius (Ls-BU2) on Escherichia coli and shelf life of ground beef. InVeterinary Research Forum(Vol. 10, No. 3, p. 193). Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran. Morrison, D.J. & Preston, T. (2016). Formation of short chain fatty acids by the gut microbiota and their impact on human metabolism. Gut Microbes, 7, 189–200. 10.1080 / 19490976.2015.1134082. Nabokina, 2012, Effect of clinical mutations on functionality of the human riboflavin transporter-2 (hRFT-2), Molecular Genetics and Metabolism, 105, 652, 10.1016/j.ymgme.2011.12.021 Nakamura, 2013, Food preservative potential of gassericin A-containing concentrate prepared from cheese whey culture supernatant of Lactobacillus gasseri LA39, Animal Science Journal, 84, 144, 10.1111/j.1740-0929.2012.01048.x Nazhand, 2020, Ready to Use Therapeutical Beverages: Focus on Functional Beverages Containing Probiotics, Prebiotics and Synbiotics, Beverages, 6, 26, 10.3390/beverages6020026 Neu, 2014, The Microbiome and Its Impact on Disease in the Preterm Patient, Current Pediatric Reviews, 1, 215, 10.1007/s40124-013-0031-7 Oberg, 2012, Identification of plasmalogens in the cytoplasmic membrane of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 78, 880, 10.1128/AEM.06968-11 Oh, 2010, GPR120 is an omega-3 fatty acid receptor mediating potent anti-inflammatory and insulin-sensitizing effects, Cell, 142, 687, 10.1016/j.cell.2010.07.041 Percy, 2014, Lipoteichoic Acid Synthesis and Function in Gram-Positive Bacteria, Annual Review of Microbiology, 68, 81, 10.1146/annurev-micro-091213-112949 Perez, 2001, Inhibition of Giardia intestinalis by Extracellular Factors from Lactobacilli: An In Vitro Study, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 67, 5037, 10.1128/AEM.67.11.5037-5042.2001 Perez, R. H., Zendo, T., & Sonomoto, K. (2014, August). Novel bacteriocins from lactic acid bacteria (LAB): various structures and applications. InMicrobial cell factories(Vol. 13, No. 1, p. S3). BioMed Central. Perron, 1997, Acetic acid lontophoresis and ultrasound for the treatment of calcifying tendinitis of the shoulder: A randomized control trial, Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 78, 379, 10.1016/S0003-9993(97)90229-X Piqué, 2019, Health Benefits of Heat-Killed (Tyndallized) Probiotics: An Overview, International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 20, 2534, 10.3390/ijms20102534 Rather, 2014, Biopreservative potential of Lactobacillus plantarum YML007 and efficacy as a replacement for chemical preservatives in animal feed, Food Science and Biotechnology, 23, 195, 10.1007/s10068-014-0026-3 Reichardt, 2014, Phylogenetic distribution of three pathways for propionate production within the human gut microbiota, The ISME Journal, 8, 1223 Rescigno, M. & Penna, G. (2019). Postbiotic-based composition for treatment of ocular inflammation. PATENTS. Řezanka, 2012, Lipidomic analysis of bacterial plasmalogens, Folia microbiologica, 57, 463, 10.1007/s12223-012-0178-6 Rowland, 2018, Gut microbiota functions: Metabolism of nutrients and other food components, European Journal of Nutrition, 57, 1, 10.1007/s00394-017-1445-8 Saeui, 2015, Metabolic glycoengineering bacteria for therapeutic, recombinant protein, and metabolite production applications, Glycoconjugate Journal, 32, 425, 10.1007/s10719-015-9583-9 Salonen, A., Lahti, L., Salojarvi, J., Holtrop, G., Korpela, K., Duncan, D.H., Date, P., Farquharson, F., Johnstone, A.M., Lobley, G.E., Louis, P., Flint, J. & M de Vos, W. (2014). Impact of diet and individual variation on intestinal microbiota composition and fermentation products in obese men. The ISME Journal, 8, 2218–2230. https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2014.63. Sánchez-Martín, 2019, Nisina (N 234), aditivo utilizado como conservante en alimentos, Gaceta Médica de Bilbao, 116, 166 Scheperjans, 2015, Gut microbiota are related to Parkinson's disease and clinical phenotype, Movement Disorders, 30, 350, 10.1002/mds.26069 Scheppache, 1992, Effect of butyrate enemas on the colonic mucosa in distal ulcerative colitis, Gastroenterology, 103, 51, 10.1016/0016-5085(92)91094-K Schroeder, 2016, Signals from the gut microbiota to distant organs in physiology and disease, Nature Medicine, 22, 1079, 10.1038/nm.4185 Scocchi, 2016, Non-membrane permeabilizing modes of action of antimicrobial peptides on bacteria, Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry, 16, 76, 10.2174/1568026615666150703121009 Sharma, 2016, Metabiotics: One Step ahead of Probiotics; an Insight into Mechanisms Involved in Anticancerous Effect in Colorectal Cancer, Frontiers in Microbiology, 7, 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01940 Shenderov. (2013). Metabiotics: novel idea or natural development of probiotic conception. Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease, 24, 1. http://doi.org/10.3402/mehd.v24i0.20399. Shetty, 2019, Reconstructing functional networks in the human intestinal tract using synthetic microbiomes, Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 58, 146, 10.1016/j.copbio.2019.03.009 Shigwedha, 2014, Probiotical Cell Fragments (PCFs) as “Novel Nutraceutical Ingredients”, Journal of Biosciences and Medicines, 2, 43, 10.4236/jbm.2014.23007 Shin, 2016, Biomedical applications of nisin, Journal of Applied Microbiology, 120, 1449, 10.1111/jam.13033 Silva, 2018, Application of bacteriocins and protective cultures in dairy food preservation, Frontiers in Microbiology, 9, 594, 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00594 Singhania, 2015, Industrial Enzymes, Industrial Biorefineries & White Biotechnology. ELSEVIER., 10.1016/B978-0-444-63453-5.00015-X Steinhart, 1996, Treatment of left-sided ulcerative colitis with butyrate enemas: A controlled trial, Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 10, 10.1046/j.1365-2036.1996.d01-509.x Takagi, 2016, A single-batch fermentation system to simulate human colonic microbiota for high-throughput evaluation of prebiotics, PLoS One, 11, 10.1371/journal.pone.0160533 Takahashi, 2013, Intradermal Immunization with Wall Teichoic Acid (WTA) Elicits and Augments an Anti-WTA IgG Response that Protects Mice from Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infection Independent of Mannose-Binding Lectin Status, PLOS ONE, 8, 10.1371/journal.pone.0069739 Thakur, 2017, Riboflavin and health: A review of recent human research, Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 57, 3650, 10.1080/10408398.2016.1145104 Thursby, 2017, Introduction to the human gut microbiota, Biochemical Journal, 474, 1823, 10.1042/BCJ20160510 Toda, 2019, Neonatal oral fluid as a transmission route for bifidobacteria to the infant gut immediately after birth, Scientific Reports, 9, 1, 10.1038/s41598-019-45198-9 Tomasik, 2020, Probiotics, Non-Dairy Prebiotics and Postbiotics in Nutrition, Applied Sciences, 10, 1470, 10.3390/app10041470 Tomkovich, 2016, Microbiota and host immune responses: A love–hate relationship, Immunology, 147, 1, 10.1111/imm.12538 Torino, 2015, Biopolymers from lactic acid bacteria. Novel applications in foods and beverages, Frontiers in Microbiology, 6, 834, 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00834 Tsilingiri, 2013, Postbiotics: What else?, Beneficial Microbes, 4, 101, 10.3920/BM2012.0046 Tsilingiri, 2012, Probiotic and postbiotic activity in health and disease: Comparison on a novel polarised ex-vivo organ culture model, Gut, 61, 1007, 10.1136/gutjnl-2011-300971 Üllen, 2010, Mouse brain plasmalogens are targets for hypochlorous acid-mediated modification in vitro and in vivo, Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 49, 1655, 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.08.025 Van Der Es, 2017, Teichoic acids: Synthesis and applications, Chemistry Society Review, 46, 1464, 10.1039/C6CS00270F Van der Knaap, J.A. & Verrijez, C.P. (2016). Undercover: gene control by metabolites and metabolic enzymes. Genes & Development, 30(21), 2345–2369. http://doi.org/10.1101/gad.289140.116. Vernia, 2003, Topical butyrate improves efficacy of 5-ASA in refractory distal ulcerative colitis: Results of a multicentre trial, European Journal of Clinical Investigation, 33, 10.1046/j.1365-2362.2003.01130.x Venugopalan, 2010, Regulatory oversight and safety of probiotic use, Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16, 1661, 10.3201/eid1611.100574 Vernia, 1995, Short-chain fatty acid topical treatment in distal ulcerative colitis, Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 9, 10.1111/j.1365-2036.1995.tb00386.x Vieira, 2016, New insights into therapeutic strategies for gut microbiota modulation in inflammatory diseases, Clinical and Translational Immunology, 5, 10.1038/cti.2016.38 Wallner, 2011, Plasmalogens the neglected regulatory and scavenging lipid species, Chemistry and Physics of Lipids, 164, 573, 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2011.06.008 Wang, 2019, Oral administration of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG to newborn piglets augments gut barrier function in pre-weaning piglets, Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE B, 20, 180, 10.1631/jzus.B1800022 Wegh, 2019, Postbiotics and Their Potential Applications in Early Life Nutrition and Beyond, International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 20, 4673, 10.3390/ijms20194673 Wu, 2018, Characterization and long term antimicrobial activity of the nisin anchored cellulose films, International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 113, 487, 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.01.194 Yan, 2012, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG: An Updated Strategy to Use Microbial Products to Promote Health, Functional Food Review, 4, 77 Yan, 2007, Soluble Proteins Produced by Probiotic Bacteria Regulate Intestinal Epithelial Cell Survival and Growth, Gastroenterology, 132, 562, 10.1053/j.gastro.2006.11.022 Zagato, 2014, Lactobacillus paracasei CBA L74 Metabolic Products and Fermented Milk for Infant Formula Have Anti-Inflammatory Activity on Dendritic Cells In Vitro and Protective Effects against Colitis and an Enteric Pathogen In Vivo, PLoS ONE, 9, 10.1371/journal.pone.0087615