City residents, scientists and policy-makers: power in co-producing knowledge
Tóm tắt
The need to merge scientific with societal knowledge in addressing global sustainability challenges has deepened research on a methodology known as co-producing knowledge. It differs from participatory approaches by holding potential for solution-oriented research through sustained relationships with actors across disciplines and sectors. Although there is growing recognition that power shapes interactions in co-producing knowledge, few studies have empirically grounded articulations of power in the context of urban sustainability. This paper draws on case study projects in Africa to discern the forms of power that are navigated by actors when co-producing locally grounded knowledge and solutions for urban sustainability. The projects include: localizing norms on sustainable energy in Kampala city Uganda; confronting coastal vulnerability in Durban South Africa; and upgrading informal settlements in Stellenbosch South Africa. The forms of power across the projects are: expert power by academics; statutory power for policy-makers; and the power of locally-embedded knowledge by city residents. Navigating these forms of power is possible, if boundary objects are used in dialogues on scalable solutions to sustainability challenges. The boundary objects in the case studies are: briquettes from organic waste as alternative cooking energy for households in Kampala; a locally-appropriate costal vulnerability index for visioning sustainable climate action in Durban; and an improved Shack dwelling for improving living conditions in Stellenbosch. These boundary objects interrupted the reproduction of unequal power relations, while demonstrating how hierarchies in co-producing knowledge can be flattened.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Akl EA, Khamis AM. The intersections of industry with the health research enterprise. Health Res Policy Syst. 2019;17(1):53. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12961-019-0457-7.
Avelino F, Rotmans J. Power in transition. Empowering Discourses on Sustainability Transitions. Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam; 2011.
Bai X, Roberts B, Chen J. Urban sustainability experiments in Asia: patterns and pathways. Environ Sci Policy. 2010;13:312–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2010.03.011.
Beier P, Hansen LJ, Helbrecht L, Behar D. A how-to guide for coproduction of actionable science. Conserv Lett. 2017;10(3):288–96.
Bremer S, Wardekker A, Dessai S, Sobolowski S, Slaattelid R, van der Sluijs J. Toward a multi-faceted conception of co-production of climate services. Climate Services. 2019;13:42–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cliser.2019.01.003.
Brown JS, Duguid P. Knowledge and organization: a social-practice perspective. Organ Sci. 2001;12(2):198–213.
Buyana K. Keeping the doors open: experimenting science–policy–practice interfaces in Africa for sustainable urban development. J Housing Built Environ. 2019;35:539–54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10901-019-09699-3.
Buyana K, Lwasa S, Tugume D, Mukwaya P, Walubwa J, Owuor S, et al. Pathways for resilience to climate change in African cities. Environ Res Lett. 2020;15(7). https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab7951.
Castán Broto V, Neves Alves S. Intersectionality challenges for the co-production of urban services: notes for a theoretical and methodological agenda. Environ Urban. 2018;30(2):367–86. https://doi.org/10.1177/2F0956247818790208.
DeLorme DE, Kidwell D, Hagen SC, Stephens SH. Developing and managing transdisciplinary and transformative research on the coastal dynamics of sea level rise: experiences and lessons learned. Earth’s Future. 2016;4(5):194–209.
Dentoni D, Bitzer V. The role (s) of universities in dealing with global wicked problems through multi-stakeholder initiatives. J Clean Prod. 2015;106:68–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.09.050.
Durban Environmental Planning and Climate Protection Department. Durban: a climate for change –transforming Africa’s future; 2012. A selection of Durban’s Climate Change Projects
Ethekwini Municipality. “Draft economic development and job creation strategy 2012”, report published by the economic development and investment promotion unit. Durban: eThekwini Municipality; 2012. p. 54.
Fritz L, Binder CR. Whose knowledge, whose values? An empirical analysis of power in transdisciplinary sustainability research. Eur J Futures Res. 2020;8(1):1–21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40309-020-0161-4.
Fuchs D, Di Giulio A, Glaab K, Lorek S, Maniates M, Princen T, et al. Power: the missing element in sustainable consumption and absolute reductions research and action. J Clean Prod. 2016;132:298–307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.02.006.
Future Earth. (2016). Future Earth knowledge action networks. Accessed 3 Jan 2019 from http://futureearth.org/future-earth-urban
Gillis D, Nelson J, Driscoll B, Hodgins K, Fraser E, Jacobs S. Interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary research and education in Canada: a review and suggested framework. Collected Essays Learning Teaching. 2017;10:203–22.
Gulyani S, Bassett EM. Retrieving the baby from the bathwater: slum upgrading in sub-Saharan Africa. Environ Planning C: Gov Policy. 2007;25(4):486–515. https://doi.org/10.1068/2Fc4p.
Hadorn GH, Biber-Klemm S, Grossenbacher-Mansuy W, Hoffmann-Riem H, Joye D, Pohl C, et al., editors. Handbook of transdisciplinary research (Vol. 10). Dordrecht: Springer; 2008. p. 978–1.
Jones BG. ‘Bankable slums’: the global politics of slum upgrading. Third World Q. 2012;33(5):769–89. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2012.679027.
Kampala Capital City Authority, KCCA (2018). Kampala Fecal Sludge Management Project: Leveraging FSM to close the Urban Sanitation Loop in Kampala. Accessed on 23 Jan 2019 from: https://kcca.go.ug/uDocs/Leveraging%20FSM%20to%20Close%20the%20Urban%20Sanitation%20Loop%20in%20Kampala.pdf
Kasperson RE, Berberian M, editors. Integrating science and policy: vulnerability and resilience in global environmental change. New York: Earthscan; 2011.
Kemp SP, Nurius PS. Preparing emerging doctoral scholars for transdisciplinary research: a developmental approach. J Teach Soc Work. 2015;35(1–2):131–50.
Lang D, Wiek A, Bergmann M, Stauffacher M, Martens P, Moll P, et al. Transdisciplinary research in sustainability science: practice, principles, and challenges. Sustain Sci. 2012;7(1):25–43.
Loorbach D, Frantzeskaki N, Avelino F. Sustainability transitions research: transforming science and practice for societal change. Annu Rev Env Resour. 2017;42:599–626.
Lotz-Sisitka H, Ali MB, Mphepo G, Chaves M, Macintyre T, Pesanayi T, et al. Co-designing research on transgressive learning in times of climate change. Curr Opin Environ Sustain. 2016;20:50–5.
Matthews R, Papoulias C. Toward co-productive learning? The exchange network as experimental space. Front Sociol. 2019;4:36.
Meylan G, Haupt M, Duygan M, Hellweg S, Michael S. Linking energy scenarios and waste storylines for prospective environmental assessment of waste management systems. Waste Manag. 2018;81:11–21.
Montana J. Co-production in action: perceiving power in the organisational dimensions of a global biodiversity expert process. Sustain Sci. 2019;14(6):1581–91.
Mori K, Fujii T, Yamashita T, Mimura Y, Uchiyama Y, Hayashi K. Visualization of a City sustainability index (CSI): towards transdisciplinary approaches involving multiple stakeholders. Sustainability. 2015;7(9):12402–24. https://doi.org/10.3390/su70912402.
Mukwaya PI. Urban adaptation to energy insecurity in Uganda. Curr Urban Stud. 2016;4(01):69. https://doi.org/10.4236/cus.2016.41006.
Muzondi L. Urban development planning for sustainability: urbanization and informal settlements in a democratic South Africa. Mediterr J Soc Sci. 2014;5(14):641.
Nel JL, Roux DJ, Driver A, Hill L, Maherry AC, Snaddon K, et al. Knowledge co-production and boundary work to promote implementation of conservation plans. Conserv Biol. 2016;30(1):176–88.
Okello C, Pindozzi S, Faugno S, Boccia L. Development of bioenergy technologies in Uganda: a review of progress. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2013;18:55–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.10.004.
Oswick C, Robertson M. Boundary objects reconsidered: from bridges and anchors to barricades and mazes. J Chang Manag. 2009;9(2):179–93. https://doi.org/10.1080/14697010902879137.
Partzsch L, Fuchs D. Philanthropy: power with in international relations. J Political Power. 2012;5:359–76. https://doi.org/10.1080/2158379X.2012.735114.
Pohl C, Krütli P, Stauffacher M. Ten reflective steps for rendering research societally relevant. GAIA-Ecol Perspect Sci Soc. 2017;26(1):43–51. https://doi.org/10.14512/gaia.26.1.10.
Purdy JM. A framework for assessing power in collaborative governance processes. Public Adm Rev. 2012;72:409–17. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2011.02525.x.
Rodríguez LF, Marshall A-M, Cotton D, Koelsch R, Koziel J, Meyer D, et al. The development of the INFEWS-ER: a virtual resource Center for Transdisciplinary Graduate Student Training at the nexus of food, energy, and water. Front Environ Sci. 2019;7:38. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2019.00038.
Safford HD, Sawyer SC, Kocher SD, Hiers JK, Cross M. Linking knowledge to action: the role of boundary spanners in translating ecology. Front Ecol Environ. 2017;15(10):560–8.
Samoff J. Institutionalizing international influence. Safundi J South Afr Am Comparat Stud. 2003;4(1):1–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/17533170300404104.
Sapsed J, Salter A. Postcards from the edge: local communities, global programs and boundary objects. Organ Stud. 2004;25(9):1515–34. https://doi.org/10.1177/2F0170840604047998.
Scholz W, Spoerri A, Lang D. Problem structuring for transitions: the case of Swiss waste management. Futures. 2009;41:171–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2008.09.013.
Seidl R, Brand S, Stauffacher M, Krutli P, Le QB, Sporri A, et al. Science with society in the anthropocene. Ambio. 2013;4:25–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-012-0363-5.
Snilstveit B, Oliver S, Vojtkova M. Narrative approaches to systematic review and synthesis of evidence for international development policy and practice. J Dev Effectiveness. 2012;4(3):409–29.
Star SL, Griesemer JR. Institutional ecology, translations' and boundary objects: amateurs and professionals in Berkeley's Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, 1907-39. Soc Stud Sci. 1989;19(3):387–420.
Stellenbosch Municipality. (2012). Enkanini (Kayamandi) household enumeration report. http://sasdialliance.org.za/wp-content/uploads/docs/reports/Enumerations/Enkanini%20Final%20Report.pdf
Stolarski MJ, Szczukowski S, Tworkowski J, Krzyżaniak M, Gulczyński P, Mleczek M. Comparison of quality and production cost of briquettes made from agricultural and forest origin biomass. Renew Energy. 2013;57:20–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2013.01.005.
Teare G, Taks M. Extending the scoping review framework: a guide for interdisciplinary researchers. Int J Soc Res Methodol. 2020;23(3):311–5. https://doi.org/10.1080/13645579.2019.1696092.
Turnhout E, Metze T, Wyborn C, Klenk N, Louder E. The politics of co-production: participation, power, and transformation. Curr Opin Environ Sustain. 2020;42:15–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2019.11.009.
Valley W, Wittman H, Jordan N, Ahmed S, Galt R. An emerging signature pedagogy for sustainable food systems education. Renewable Agric Food Syst. 2018;33(5):467–80.
Van Breda J, Swilling M. The guiding logics and principles for designing emergent transdisciplinary research processes: learning experiences and reflections from a transdisciplinary urban case study in Enkanini informal settlement. South Africa Sustain Sci. 2018;14(3):823–41.
Van der Hel S. New science for global sustainability? The institutionalization of knowledge co-production in future earth. Environ Sci Policy. 2016;61:165–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2016.03.012.
Volken SP, Xexakis G, Trutnevyte E. Perspectives of informed citizen panel on low-carbon electricity portfolios in Switzerland and longer-term evaluation of informational materials. Environ Sci Technol. 2018;52(20):11478–89.
Vukomanovic J, Skrip MM, Meentemeyer RK. Making it spatial makes it personal: engaging stakeholders with geospatial participatory modeling. Land. 2019;8(2):38.
Wittmayer JM, Schäpke N. Action, research and participation: roles of researchers in sustainability transitions. Sustain Sci. 2014;9(4):483–96. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-014-0258-4.
Wyborn C, Datta A, Montana J, Ryan M, Leith P, Chaffin B, et al. Co-producing sustainability: reordering the governance of science, policy, and practice. Annu Rev Env Resour. 2019;44:319–46. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-101718-033103.
Yaman S, Şahan M, Haykiri-Acma H, Şeşen K, Küçükbayrak S. Production of fuel briquettes from olive refuse and paper mill waste. Fuel Process Technol. 2000;68(1):23–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-3820(00)00111-9.
Ziblim A, Sumeghy MG, Cartwright A. The dynamics of informal settlements upgrading in South Africa. Habitat Int. 2013;37:316–34.
Ziervogel G, Archer van Garderen E, Price P. Strengthening the knowledge–policy interface through co-production of a climate adaptation plan: leveraging opportunities in Bergrivier municipality, South Africa. Environ Urban. 2016;28(2):455–74. https://doi.org/10.1177/2F0956247816647340.