Institutions for managing common-pool resources: the case of community-based shrimp aquaculture in northwestern Sri Lanka
Tóm tắt
Large-scale shrimp aquaculture can have major social and environmental impacts. Can community-based approaches be used instead? We examined three coastal community-based shrimp aquaculture operations in northwestern Sri Lanka using a case study approach. These shrimp farms were individually owned by small producers and managed under community-level rules. The system was characterized by three layers of institutions: community-level shrimp farmers’ associations; zone-level associations; and a national-level shrimp farming sector association. The national level was represented by a joint body of government and sector association. We evaluated the effectiveness of this institutional structure especially with regard to the management of shrimp disease that can spread through the use of a common water body. Lower operational costs make them a highly attractive alternative to large-scale aquaculture. In many ways, private shrimp aquaculture ownership with community-level institutions, and government supervision and coordination seem to work well.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Adger WN, Hughes TP, Folke C, Carpenter SR, Rockström J: Social-ecological resilience to coastal disasters. Science 2005, 309: 1036–1039. 10.1126/science.1112122
Amarasinghe US: Culture-based fisheries development in Sri Lanka: a case study. In Better-practice approaches for culture-based fisheries development in Asia. Edited by: Silva SS, Amarasinghe US, Nguten TTT. ACIAR Monograph 120, Canberra, Australia; 2006:50–72.
Amarasinghe O, Bavinck M: Building resilience: fisheries cooperatives in southern Sri Lanka. In Poverty mosaics: realities and prospects in small-scale fisheries. Edited by: Jentoft S, Eide A. Springer, Dordrecht; 2011:383–406.
Amarasinghe US, De Silva SS: Sri Lankan reservoir fishery: a case for introduction of a co-management strategy. Fisheries Management and Ecology 2001, 6(5):387–400. 10.1046/j.1365-2400.1999.00170.x
Ten year development policy framework of the fisheries and aquatic resources sector (2007–2016), Ministry of fisheries and aquatic resources, March 2007, 4. 2007.
Beem B: Co-management from the top? The roles of policy entrepreneurs and distributive conflict in developing co-management arrangements. Marine Policy 2007, 31: 54–549. 10.1016/j.marpol.2006.12.001
Berkes F, Davidson-Hunt I: Commons in a multi-level world. International Journal of the Commons 2008, 2(1):1–6.
Berkes F, Mahon R, McConney P, Pollnac R, Pomeroy R: Managing small-scale fisheries: alternative directions and methods. International Development Research Centre, Ottawa; 2001.
Bhatta R, Bhat M: Impacts of aquaculture on the management of estuaries in India. Environmental Conservation 1998, 25(2):109–121. 10.1017/S0376892998000162
Bush SR, van Zwieten PAM, Visser L, Van Dijk H, Bosma R, De Boer WF, Verdegem M: Scenarios for resilient shrimp aquaculture in tropical coastal areas. Ecology and Society 2010, 15(2):15.
Cattermoul N, Devendra A: Effective management for biodiversity conservation in Sri Lankan coastal wetlands, A measurement of the ecological footprint of shrimp farming in the Chilaw lagoon area. University of Portsmouth Cemare, Portsmouth, UK; 2002.
Degen P: Fisheries co-management in Sri Lanka: learning from the experiences of the others. Mekong Fisheries Network Newsletter 1998, 4(1):1–2.
Digby M: Organisation of Fishermen’s Cooperatives. Plunkett Foundation, Oxford, UK; 1975.
Feeny D, Berkes F, McCay BJ, Acheson JM: The tragedy of the commons: twenty-two years later. Human Ecology 1990, 18(1):1–19. 10.1007/BF00889070
Galappaththi EK: Exploratory study on supply chains of cultured prawns in Sri Lanka. Postgraduate Institute of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka; 2010.
Gunawardena W, Rowan JS: Economic valuation of a mangrove ecosystem threatened by shrimp aquaculture in Sri Lanka. Environmental Management 2005, 36(4):535–550. 10.1007/s00267-003-0286-9
Gunawardena A, Steele P: The stake‐net fishery association of Negombo lagoon, Sri Lanka: why has it survived over 250 years and will it survive another 100 years? In Promise, trust and evolution: managing the commons of South Asia. Edited by: Ghate R, Jodha N, Mukhopadhyay P. Oxford Scholarship, New York; 2008:144–154. 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199213832.003.0007
Haque ABMM, Visser LE, Dey MM: Institutional arrangements in seasonal floodplain management under community-based aquaculture in Bangladesh. Asian Journal of Agriculture and Development 2011, 8(1):1–18.
Huitric M, Folke C, Kautsky N: Development and government policies of the shrimp farming industry in Thailand in relation to mangrove ecosystems. Ecological Economics 2002, 40: 441–455. 10.1016/S0921-8009(02)00011-3
International Co-operative Alliance. 2014.
Makino M, Matsuda H: Co-management in Japanese coastal fisheries: institutional features and transaction costs. Marine Policy 2005, 29: 441–450. 10.1016/j.marpol.2004.07.005
McCay BJ, Weisman W, Creed C: Coping with environmental change: Systematic responses and the roles of property and community in three fisheries. In World Fisheries: A Social-Ecological Analysis, eds. Ommer, RE, RI Perry, K Cochrane, and P Cury. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford; 2011:381–400. 10.1002/9781444392241.ch23
MFARD. 2011. Ministry of Fisheries and Aquatic Resource Development of Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka:. Accessed 14 May 2014., [http://www.fisheries.gov.lk/].
Munasinghe MN, Stephen C, Abeynayake P, Abeygunawardena IS: Shrimp farming practices in the Puttallam district of Sri Lanka: implications for disease control, industry sustainability, and rural development. Veterinary Medicine International 2010, 2010: 1–6. 10.4061/2010/679130
Nayak PK, Berkes F: Whose marginalization? Politics around environmental justice in India’s Chilika lagoon. Local Environment 2010, 15(6):553–567. 10.1080/13549839.2010.487527
Ostrom E: Governing the commons: the evolution of institutions for collective action (11–13). Cambridge University Press, New York; 1990.
Ostrom E: Understanding institutional diversity. Princeton University Press, Princeton; 2005.
Ostrom E, Burger J, Field CB, Norgaard RB, Policansky D: Revisiting the commons: local lessons, global challenges. Science 1999, 284: 278–282. 10.1126/science.284.5412.278
Pa´ez-osuna F: The environmental impact of shrimp aquaculture: causes, effects, and mitigating alternatives. Environmental Management 2001, 28(1):131–140. 10.1007/s002670010212
Pomeroy RS, Rivera-Guieb R: Fishery co-management: a practical handbook. International Development Research Centre, Ottawa; 2006.
Primavera JH: Socio-economic impacts of shrimp culture. Aquaculture Research 1997, 28: 815–827. 10.1111/j.1365-2109.1997.tb01006.x
Primavera JH: Overcoming the impacts of aquaculture on the coastal zone. Ocean and Coastal Management 2006, 49: 531–545. 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2006.06.018
Ridley-Duff RJ, Bull M: Understanding Social Enterprise: Theory and Practice. Sage Publications, London; 2011.
Samarakoon JI, Nightingale M, Hermes R, Joseph BL, Salagrama V: Review of Community‐based Integrated Coastal Management: Best Practices and Lessons Learned in the Bay of Bengal, South Asia. Ecosystems and Livelihoods Group, Asia, IUCN, Colombo; 2011.
Von Essn LM, Ferse SCA, Glaser M, Kunzmann A: Attitudes and perceptions of villagers toward community-based mariculture in Minahasa, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Ocean and Coastal Management 2013, 73: 101–112. 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2012.12.012
Yamamoto T: Development of a community-based fishery management system in Japan. Marine Resource Economics 1995, 10: 21–34.
Yin, RK. 2009. Case study research, design and methods (4thed.). In Applied social research method series 5. Sage Publications, Los Angeles.