Vascular endothelial growth factor-B expression in postischemic rat brain

Leung DW, Cachianes G, Kuang W-J, Goeddel DV, Ferrara N: Vascular endothelial growth factor is a secreted angiogenic mitogen. Science. 1989, 246: 1306-1309. 10.1126/science.2479986. Keck PJ, Hauser SD, Krivi G, Sanzo K, Warren T, Feder J, Connolly DT: Vascular permeability factor, an endothelial cell mitogen related to PDGF. Science. 1989, 246: 1309-1312. 10.1126/science.2479987. Sondell M, Lundborg G, Kanje M: Vascular endothelial growth factor has neurotrophic activity and stimulates axonal outgrowth, enhancing cell survival and Schwann cell proliferation in the peripheral nervous system. J Neurosci. 1999, 19: 5731-5740. Jin KL, Mao XO, Greenberg DA: Vascular endothelial growth factor rescues HN33 neural cells from death induced by serum withdrawal. J Molec Neurosci. 2000, 14: 197-203. 10.1385/JMN:14:3:197. Hayashi T, Abe K, Itoyama Y: Reduction of ischemic damage by application of vascular endothelial growth factor in rat brain after transient ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1998, 18: 887-895. Stowe AM, Plautz EJ, Eisner-Janowicz I, Frost SB, Barbay S, Zoubina EV, Dancause N, Taylor MD, Nudo RJ: VEGF protein associates to neurons in remote regions following cortical infarct. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2007, 27: 76-85. 10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600320. Kovacs Z, Ikezaki K, Samoto K, Inamura T, Fukui M: VEGF and flt: expression time kinetics in rat brain infarct. Stroke. 1996, 27: 1865-1873. 10.1161/01.STR.27.10.1865. Hayashi T, Abe K, Suzuki H, Itomaya Y: Rapid induction of vascular endothelial growth factor gene expression after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. Stroke. 1997, 28: 2039-2044. 10.1161/01.STR.28.10.2039. Lennmyr F, Ata KA, Funa K, Olsson Y, Terent A: Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptors (Flt-1 and Flk-1) following permanent and transient occlusion of the middle cerebral artery in the rat. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 1998, 57: 874-882. 10.1097/00005072-199809000-00009. Cobbs CS, Chen J, Greenberg DA, Graham SH: Vascular endothelial growth factor expression in rat focal cerebral ischemia. Neurosci Lett. 1998, 249: 79-82. 10.1016/S0304-3940(98)00377-2. Plate KH, Beck H, Danner S, Allegrini PR, Wiessner C: Cell type specific upregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor in an MCA-occlusion model of cerebral infarct. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 1999, 58: 654-666. 10.1097/00005072-199906000-00010. Marti HJ, Bernaudin M, Bellail A, Schoch H, Euler M, Petit E, Risau W: Hypoxia-induced vascular endothelial growth factor expression precedes neovascularization after cerebral ischemia. Am J Pathol. 2000, 156: 965-976. 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)64964-4. Gu W, Brannstrom T, Jiang W, Bergh A, Wester P: Vascular endothelial growth factor-A and -C protein up-regulation and early angiogenesis in a rat photothrombotic ring stroke model with spontaneous reperfusion. Acta Neuropathol (Berl). 2001, 102: 216-226. Zhang ZG, Zhang L, Tsang W, Soltanian-Zadeh H, Morris D, Zhang R, Goussev A, Powers C, Yeich T, Chopp M: Correlation of VEGF and angiopoietin expression with disruption of blood–brain barrier and angiogenesis after focal cerebral ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2002, 22: 379-392. Mu D, Jiang X, Sheldon RA, Fox CK, Hamrick SE, Vexler ZS, Ferriero DM: Regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha and induction of vascular endothelial growth factor in a rat neonatal stroke model. Neurobiol Dis. 2003, 14: 524-534. 10.1016/j.nbd.2003.08.020. Sun Y, Jin K, Childs JT, Xie L, Mao XO, Greenberg DA: Increased severity of cerebral ischemic injury in vascular endothelial growth factor-B-deficient mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2004, 2004 (24): 1146-1152. Li Y, Zhang F, Nagai N, Tang Z, Zhang S, Scotney P, Lennartsson J, Zhu C, Qu Y, Fang C, Hua J, Matsuo O, Fong GH, Ding H, Cao Y, Becker KG, Nash A, Heldin CH, Li X: VEGF-B inhibits apoptosis via VEGFR-1-mediated suppression of the expression of BH3-only protein genes in mice and rat. J Clin Invest. 2008, 118: 913-923. Shin YJ, Choi JS, Lee JY, Choi JY, Cha JH, Chun MH, Lee MY: Differential regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor-C and its receptor in the rat hippocampus following transient forebrain ischemia. Acta Neuropathol. 2008, 2008 (116): 517-527. Du H, Li P, Pan Y, Li W, Hou J, Chen H, Wang J, Tang H: Vascular endothelial growth factor signaling implicated in neuroprotective effects of placental growth factor in an in vitro ischemic model. Brain Res. 2010, 1357: 1-8. Guan W, Somanath PR, Kozak A, Goc A, El-Remessy AB, Ergul A, Johnson MH, Alhusban A, Soliman S, Fagan SC: Vascular protection by angiotensin receptor antagonism involves differential VEGF expression in both hemispheres after experimental stroke. PLoS One. 2011, 6: e24551-10.1371/journal.pone.0024551. del Zoppo GJ, Sharp FR, Heiss WD, Albers GW: Heterogeneity in the penumbra. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2011, 31: 1836-1851. 10.1038/jcbfm.2011.93. Nag S, Eskandarian MR, Davis J, Eubanks JH: Differential expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) and VEGF-B after brain injury. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2002, 61: 778-788. Poesen K, Lambrechts D, Van Damme P, Dhondt J, Bender F, Frank N, Bogaert E, Claes B, Heylen L, Verheyen A, Raes K, Tjwa M, Eriksson U, Shibuya M, Nuydens R, Van Den Bosch L, Meert T, D'Hooge R, Sendtner M, Robberecht W, Carmeliet P: Novel role for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor-1 and its ligand VEGF-B in motor neuron degeneration. J Neurosci. 2008, 28: 10451-10459. 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1092-08.2008. Falk T, Zhang S, Sherman SJ: Vascular endothelial growth factor B (VEGF-B) is up-regulated and exogenous VEGF-B is neuroprotective in a culture model of Parkinson's disease. Mol Neurodegener. 2009, 4: 49-10.1186/1750-1326-4-49. Boer K, Troost D, Spliet WG, van Rijen PC, Gorter JA, Aronica E: Cellular distribution of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) and B (VEGFB) and VEGF receptors 1 and 2 in focal cortical dysplasia type IIB. Acta Neuropathol. 2008, 115: 683-696. 10.1007/s00401-008-0354-6. Dhondt J, Peeraer E, Verheyen A, Nuydens R, Buysschaert I, Poesen K, Van Geyte K, Beerens M, Shibuya M, Haigh JJ, Meert T, Carmeliet P, Lambrechts D: Neuronal FLT1 receptor and its selective ligand VEGF-B protect against retrograde degeneration of sensory neurons. FASEB J. 2011, 25: 1461-1473. 10.1096/fj.10-170944. Silins G, Grimmond S, Egerton M, Hayward N: Analysis of the promoter region of the human VEGF-related factor gene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1997, 230: 413-418. 10.1006/bbrc.1996.5979. Enholm B, Paavonen K, Ristimaki A, Kumar V, Gunji Y, Klefstrom J, Kivinen L, Laiho M, Olofsson B, Joukov V, Eriksson U, Alitalo K: Comparison of VEGF, VEGF-B, VEGF-C and Ang-1 mRNA regulation by serum, growth factors, oncoproteins and hypoxia. Oncogene. 1997, 14: 2475-2483. 10.1038/sj.onc.1201090. Zhang F, Tang Z, Hou X, Lennartsson J, Li Y, Koch AW, Scotney P, Lee C, Arjunan P, Dong L, Kumar A, Rissanen TT, Wang B, Nagai N, Fons P, Fariss R, Zhang Y, Wawrousek E, Tansey G, Raber J, Fong GH, Ding H, Greenberg DA, Becker KG, Herbert JM, Nash A, Yla-Herttuala S, Cao Y, Watts RJ, Li X: VEGF-B is dispensable for blood vessel growth but critical for their survival, and VEGF-B targeting inhibits pathological angiogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2009, 106: 6152-6157. 10.1073/pnas.0813061106. Li X, Kumar A, Zhang F, Lee C, Tang Z: Complicated life, complicated VEGF-B. Trends Mol Med. 2012, 18: 119-127. 10.1016/j.molmed.2011.11.006. Olofsson B, Korpelainen E, Pepper MS, Mandriota SJ, Aase K, Kumar V, Gunji Y, Jeltsch MM, Shibuya M, Alitalo K, Eriksson U: Vascular endothelial growth factor B (VEGF-B) binds to VEGF receptor-1 and regulates plasminogen activator activity in endothelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1998, 95: 11709-11714. 10.1073/pnas.95.20.11709. Sun Y, Jin K, Childs JT, Xie L, Mao XO, Greenberg DA: Vascular endothelial growth factor-B (VEGFB) stimulates neurogenesis: evidence from knockout mice and growth factor administration. Dev Biol. 2006, 289: 329-335. 10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.10.016. Raber J, Fan Y, Matsumori Y, Liu Z, Weinstein PR, Fike JR, Liu J: Irradiation attenuates neurogenesis and exacerbates ischemia-induced deficits. Ann Neurol. 2004, 55: 381-389. 10.1002/ana.10853. Jin K, Wang X, Xie L, Mao XO, Greenberg DA: Transgenic ablation of doublecortin-expressing cells suppresses adult neurogenesis and worsens stroke outcome in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2010, 107: 7993-7998. 10.1073/pnas.1000154107.