How do numerical and literacy stimulations in mother–child interactions relate to early gender differences in mathematical competencies? Empirical results from the NEPS Newborn Cohort study

Large-Scale Assessments in Education - Tập 11 - Trang 1-21 - 2023
Loreen Beier1, Hans-Peter Blossfeld2
1Leibniz Institute for Educational Trajectories (LIfBi), Bamberg, Germany
2Graduate Centre, Trimberg Research Academy (TRAc), Otto-Friedrich-Universität Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany

Tóm tắt

While gender differences in mathematical competencies favoring boys are well researched for school and late Kindergarten age, much less is known about their earlier development. Using data from the NEPS Newborn Cohort study, this paper focuses on 4 year-old children and the effects of the numerical and literacy stimulation during mother–child interactions they received at age 2. After controlling for different domain-specific stimulations, structural characteristics of the children’s home learning environment, parental views, important child characteristics, and general educational processes between mother and child, empirical analyses showed small but statistically significant gender differences in mathematical competencies favoring girls. Early domain-specific stimulation in mother–child interactions at age 2 did not offer a good explanation for this math advantage of girls over boys at age 4. Nonetheless, even when 2 year-old girls received numerical stimulation quite similar to that of boys, there was some evidence that girls received a higher input in terms of literacy stimulation, and this is related to the small advantage of girls in mathematical competencies at age 4.

Tài liệu tham khảo

Ainsworth, M. D. S., Bell, S. M., & Stayton, D. F. (1974). Infant-mother attachment and social development: Socialization as a product of reciprocal responsiveness to signals. In M. Richards (Ed.), The integration of a child into a social world (pp. 99–135). Cambridge University Press. Anders, Y., Roßbach, H.-G., Weinert, S., Ebert, S., Kuger, S., Lehrl, S., & von Maurice, J. (2012). Home and preschool learning environments and their relations to the development of early numeracy skills. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 27(2), 231–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2011.08.003 Artelt, C., Baumert, J., Klieme, E., Neubrand, M., Prenzel, M., Schiefele, U., Schneider, W., Schümer, G., Stanat, P., Tillmann, K.-J., & Weiß, M. (2001). PISA 2000: Zusammenfassung zentraler Befunde. Berlin: Max-Planck-Institut für Bildungsforschung. Attig, M., & Weinert, S. (2018). Soziale Disparitäten im Kontext von Mutter-Kind-Interaktionen und frühen Entwicklungsmaßen von Kindern. Frühe Bildung, 7(1), 22–31. https://doi.org/10.1026/2191-9186/a000356 Autorenteam Kompetenzsäule (2020). Längsschnittliche Kompetenzmessung im NEPS: Anlage und deskriptive Befunde (NEPS Survey Papers No. 80). Bamberg: Leibniz Institute for Educational Trajectories, National Educational Panel Study. https://doi.org/10.5157/NEPS:SP80:1.0 Bauer, A. (2016). Methodenbericht: NEPS-Startkohorte 1—Haupterhebung 2016 B101. Bonn: infas Institut für angewandte Sozialwissenschaften GmbH. Bauer, A., Bech, K., Gilberg, R., & Kleudgen, M. (2013). Methodenbericht: NEPS Startkohorte 1—Haupterhebung 2012/2013 B04. Bonn: infas Institut für angewandte Sozialwissenschaften GmbH. Berlin, L. J., Brady-Smith, C., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2002). Links between childbearing age and observed maternal behaviors with 14-month-olds in the Early Head Start Research and Evaluation Project. Infant Mental Health Journal, 23(1–2), 104–129. https://doi.org/10.1002/imhj.10007 Blevins-Knabe, B., & Musun-Miller, L. (1996). Number use at home by children and their parents and its relationship to early mathematical performance. Early Development and Parenting, 5(1), 35–45. Blossfeld, H.-P., Bos, W., Hannover, B., Lenzen, D., Müller-Böling, D., Prenzel, M., & Wößmann, L. (2009). Geschlechterdifferenzen im Bildungssystem: Jahresgutachten 2009. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften/GWV Fachverlage GmbH. Blossfeld, H.-P., & Roßbach, H.-G. (2019). Education as a lifelong process: The German National Educational Panel Study (NEPS). Berlin: Springer. Bonsen, M., Lintorf, K., & Bos, W. (2008). Kompetenzen von Jungen und Mädchen. In W. Bos (Ed.), TIMSS 2007: Mathematische und naturwissenschaftliche Kompetenzen von Grundschulkindern in Deutschland im internationalen Vergleich (pp. 125–140). Waxmann. Bornstein, M. H., Hahn, C.-S., & Haynes, O. M. (2004). Specific and general language performance across early childhood: Stability and gender considerations. First Language, 24(3), 267–304. https://doi.org/10.1177/0142723704045681 Bornstein, M. H., & Haynes, O. M. (1998). Vocabulary competence in early childhood: Measurement, latent construct, and predictive validity. Child Development, 69(3), 654–671. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1998.tb06235.x Bornstein, M. H., Tamis-LeMonda, C. S., Hahn, C.-S., & Haynes, O. M. (2008). Maternal responsiveness to young children at three ages: Longitudinal analysis of a multidimensional, modular, and specific parenting construct. Developmental Psychology, 44(3), 867–874. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.44.3.867 Bouchard, C., Trudeau, N., Sutton, A., & Boudreault, M.-C. (2009). Gender differences in language development in French Canadian children between 8 and 30 months of age. Applied Psycholinguistics, 30(04), 685–707. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0142716409990075 Bradley, R. H. (2002). Environment and parenting. In M. H. Bornstein (Ed.), Handbook of parenting: Biology and ecology of parenting (2nd ed., pp. 281–314). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers. Brandes, H., Andrä, M., Röseler, W., & Schneider-Andrich, P. (2015). Does gender make a difference? Results from the German ‘tandem study’ on the pedagogical activity of female and male ECE workers. European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 23(3), 315–327. https://doi.org/10.1080/1350293X.2015.1043806 Bronfenbrenner, U., & Morris, P. A. (2006). The Bioecological Model of Human Development. In R. M. Lerner & W. Damon (Eds.), Theoretical Models of Human Development: Vol. 1. Handbook of child psychology (6th ed., pp. 793–828). John Wiley & Sons Inc. Brown, R. P., & Josephs, R. A. (1999). A burden of proof: Stereotype relevance and gender differences in math performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(2), 246–257. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.76.2.246 Carlson, M. J., & Corcoran, M. E. (2001). Family structure and children’s behavioral and cognitive outcomes. Journal of Marriage and Family, 63(3), 779–792. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2001.00779.x DiPrete, T. A., & Eirich, G. M. (2006). Cumulative advantage as a mechanism for inequality: A review of theoretical and empirical developments. Annual Review of Sociology, 32(1), 271–297. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.32.061604.123127 Eccles, J. S., Freedman-Doan, C., Frome, P., Jacobs, J., & Yoon, K. S. (2000). Gender-role socialization in the family: A longitudinal approach. In T. Eckes & H. M. Trautner (Eds.), The developmental social psychology of gender (pp. 333–360). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers. Eccles, J. S., Jacobs, J. E., & Harold, R. D. (1990). Gender role stereotypes, expectancy effects, and parents’ socialization of gender differences. Journal of Social Issues, 46(2), 183–201. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1990.tb01929.x Eccles Parsons, J., Adler, T. F., Futterman, R., Goff, S. B., Kaczala, C. M., Meece, J. L., & Midgley, C. (1983). Expectancies, values, and academic behaviors. In J. T. Spence (Ed.), Achievement and achievement motives (pp. 75–146). W.H. Freeman. Eccles Parsons, J., Adler, T. F., & Kaczala, C. M. (1982). Socialization of achievement attitudes and beliefs: Parental Influences. Child Development, 53(2), 310–321. https://doi.org/10.2307/1128973 Frey, A., Heinze, A., Milder, D., Hochweber, J., & Asseburg, R. (2010). Mathematische Kompetenz: Von PISA 2003 bis PISA 2009. In E. Klieme, C. Artelt, J. Hartig, N. Jude, O. Köller, M. Prenzel, W. Schneider, & P. Stanat (Eds.), PISA 2009: Bilanz nach einem Jahrzehnt (pp. 153–176). Waxmann. Galsworthy, M. J., Dionne, G., Dale, P. S., & Plomin, R. (2000). Sex differences in early verbal and non-verbal cognitive development. Developmental Science, 3(2), 206–215. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-7687.00114 Ganzeboom, H. B. (2010). A new international socio-economic index (ISEI) of occupational status for the international standard classification of occupation 2008 (ISCO-08) constructed with data from the ISSP 2002–2007. Paper presented at the Annual Conference of International Social Survey Programme, Lisbon. Ganzeboom, H. B., de Graaf, P. M., & Treiman, D. J. (1992). A standard international socio-economic index of occupational status. Social Science Research, 21(1), 1–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/0049-089X(92)90017-B Gleason, J. B., & Ely, R. (2002). Gender differences in language development. In A. McGillicuddy-De Lisi & R. De Lisi (Eds.), Advances in applied developmental psychology: Biology, society, and behavior: The development of sex differences in cognition (pp. 127–154). Ablex Publishing. Grossmann, K., Grossmann, K. E., Fremmer-Bombik, E., Kindler, H., Scheuerer-Englisch, H., & Zimmermann, P. (2002). The uniqueness of the child-father attachment relationship: Fathers’ sensitive and challenging play as pivotal variable in a 16-year longitudinal study. Social Development, 11(3), 307–331. Halpern, D. F. (2000). Sex differences in cognitive abilities (3rd ed.). Erlbaum. Halpern, D. F. (2004). A cognitive-process taxonomy for sex differences in cognitive abilities. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 13(4), 135–139. Halpern, D. F., Benbow, C. P., Geary, D. C., Gur, R. C., Hyde, J. S., & Gernsbacher, M. A. (2007). The science of sex differences in science and mathematics. Psychological Science in the Public Interest: A Journal of the American Psychological Society, 8(1), 1–51. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-1006.2007.00032.x Halpern, D. F., Wai, J., & Saw, A. (2005). A psychobiosocial model: Why females are sometimes greater than and sometimes less than males in math achievement. In A. M. Gallagher & J. C. Kaufman (Eds.), Gender differences in mathematics: An integrative psychological approach (pp. 48–72). Cambridge University Press. Halpern, L. F., Garcia Coll, C. T., Meyer, E. C., & Bendersky, K. (2001). The contributions of temperament and maternal responsiveness to the mental development of small-for-gestational-age and appropriate-for-gestational-age infants. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 22(2), 199–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0193-3973(01)00077-6 Harvey, E. (1999). Short-term and long-term effects of early parental employment on children of the national longitudinal survey of youth. Developmental Psychology, 35(2), 445–459. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.35.2.445 Heckman, J. J. (2006). Skill formation and the economics of investing in disadvantaged children. Science, 312(5782), 1900–1902. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1128898 Helbig, M. (2010). Sind Lehrerinnen für den geringeren Schulerfolg von Jungen verantwortlich? KZfSS Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie, 62(1), 93–111. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11577-010-0095-0 Huttenlocher, J., Haight, W., Bryk, A., Seltzer, M., & Lyons, T. (1991). Early vocabulary growth: Relation to language input and gender. Developmental Psychology, 27(2), 236–248. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.27.2.236 Jacobs, J. E., Davis-Kean, P., Bleeker, M., Eccles, J. S., & Malanchuk, O. (2005). “I can, but I don’t want to”: The impact of parents, interests, and activities on gender differences in math. In A. M. Gallagher & J. C. Kaufman (Eds.), Gender differences in mathematics: An integrative psychological approach (pp. 246–263). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Jacobs, J. E., & Eccles, J. S. (1992). The impact of mothers’ gender-role stereotypic beliefs on mothers’ and children’s ability perceptions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63(6), 932–944. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.63.6.932 Jordan, N. C., Kaplan, D., & Hanich, L. B. (2002). Achievement growth in children with learning difficulties in mathematics: Findings of a two-year longitudinal study. Journal of Educational Psychology, 94(3), 586–597. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-0663.94.3.586 Jordan, N. C., Kaplan, D., Nabors Oláh, L., & Locuniak, M. N. (2006). Number sense growth in Kindergarten: A longitudinal investigation of children at risk for mathematics difficulties. Child Development, 77(1), 153–175. Karwath, C., Relikowski, I., & Schmitt, M. (2014). Sibling structure and educational achievement: How do the number of siblings, birth order, and birth spacing affect children’s vocabulary competences? Zeitschrift für Familienforschung, 26(3), 372–396. https://doi.org/10.3224/zff.v26i3.18993 Keller, H. (2014). Kultur und Bindung. In L. Ahnert (Ed.), Frühe Bindung: Entstehung und Entwicklung (3rd ed., pp. 110–124). Reinhardt University. Kersey, A. J., Braham, E. J., Csumitta, K. D., Libertus, M. E., & Cantlon, J. F. (2018). No intrinsic gender differences in children’s earliest numerical abilities. Npj Science of Learning, 3(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41539-018-0028-7 Kleemans, T., Peeters, M., Segers, E., & Verhoeven, L. (2012). Child and home predictors of early numeracy skills in kindergarten. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 27(3), 471–477. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2011.12.004 Kluczniok, K., Lehrl, S., Kuger, S., & Rossbach, H.-G. (2013). Quality of the home learning environment during preschool age – Domains and contextual conditions. European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 21(3), 420–438. https://doi.org/10.1080/1350293X.2013.814356 Koponen, T., Aunola, K., Ahonen, T., & Nurmi, J.-E. (2007). Cognitive predictors of single-digit and procedural calculation skills and their covariation with reading skill. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 97(3), 220–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2007.03.001 Krajewski, K., & Schneider, W. (2009). Exploring the impact of phonological awareness, visual-spatial working memory, and preschool quantity-number competencies on mathematics achievement in elementary school: Findings from a 3-year longitudinal study. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 103(4), 516–531. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2009.03.009 Leaper, C. (2002). Parenting girls and boys. In M. H. Bornstein (Ed.), Handbook of parenting: Children and parenting (pp. 189–225). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers. Leaper, C., Anderson, K. J., & Sanders, P. (1998). Moderators of gender effects on parents’ talk to their children: A meta-analysis. Developmental Psychology, 34(1), 3–27. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.34.1.3 Linberg, T. (2017). Kind und Kontext: Häusliche Lernumwelt und soziale Ungleichheiten im vorschulischen Sprachstand. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-18087-4 Linberg, A., Mann, D., Attig, M., Vogel, F., Weinert, S., & Roßbach, H.-G. (2019). Assessment of interactions with the macro-analytic rating system of parent-child-interactions in the NEPS at the child’s age of 7, 17, and 26 months (NEPS Survey Papers No. 51). Bamberg: Leibniz Institute for Educational Trajectories, National Educational Panel Study. Lloyd, C. A., & Masur, E. F. (2014). Infant behaviors influence mothers’ provision of responsive and directive behaviors. Infant Behavior & Development, 37(3), 276–285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2014.04.004 Lonnemann, J., Linkersdörfer, J., Hasselhorn, M., & Lindberg, S. (2013). Gender differences in both tails of the distribution of numerical competencies in preschool children. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 84(2), 201–208. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10649-013-9488-0 Lörz, M., & Schindler, S. (2011). Geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede beim Übergang ins Studium. In A. Hadjar (Ed.), Geschlechtsspezifische Bildungsungleichheiten (pp. 99–122). Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften. Maccoby, E. E. (1966). The development of sex differences. Stanford University Press. Maccoby, E. E., & Jacklin, C. N. (1974). The psychology of sex differences. Stanford University Press. Maccoby, E. E., Snow, M. E., & Jacklin, C. N. (1984). Children’s dispositions and mother–child interaction at 12 and 18 months: A short-term longitudinal study. Developmental Psychology, 20(3), 459–472. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.20.3.459 Minello, A., & Blossfeld, H.-P. (2017). From parents to children: The impact of mothers’ and fathers’ educational attainments on those of their sons and daughters in West Germany. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 38(5), 686–704. https://doi.org/10.1080/01425692.2016.1150156 NEPS. (2020). Informationen zur Kompetenztestung: NEPS Startkohorte 1—Neugeborene Bildung von Anfang an 5 Welle: 4 Jahre. Bamberg: Leibniz Institute for Educational Trajectories, National Educational Panel Study. NICHD Early Child Care Research Network. (1998). Relations between family predictors and child outcomes: Are they weaker for children in child care? Developmental Psychology, 34(5), 1119–1128. https://doi.org/10.1037//0012-1649.34.5.1119 Niklas, F., & Schneider, W. (2012). Die Anfänge geschlechtsspezifischer Leistungsunterschiede in mathematischen und schriftsprachlichen Kompetenzen. Zeitschrift für Entwicklungspsychologie und Pädagogische Psychologie, 44(3), 123–138. https://doi.org/10.1026/0049-8637/a000064 OECD. (2019). PISA 2018 Results (Volume II): Where all students can succeed. Paris: PISA, OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/b5fd1b8f-en Olsen, S. L., Bates, J. E., & Bayles, K. (1984). Mother–infant interactions and the development of individual differences in children’s cognitive competence. Developmental Psychology, 20(1), 166–179. Pearson, R. M., Heron, J., Melotti, R., Joinson, C., Stein, A., Ramchandani, P. G., & Evans, J. (2011). The association between observed non-verbal maternal responses at 12 months and later infant development at 18 months and IQ at 4 years: A longitudinal study. Infant Behavior & Development, 34(4), 525–533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2011.07.003 Rogoff, B. (1990). Apprenticeship in thinking: Cognitive development in social context. Oxford University Press. RStudio Team. (2020). RStudio: Integrated development for R [Computer software]. Boston. MA. http://www.rstudio.com/ Ruble, D. N., Martin, C. L., & Berenbaum, S. A. (2006). Gender development. In N. Eisenberg, W. Damon, & R. M. Lerner (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Social, emotional, and personality development (6th ed., pp. 858–932). Wiley. Sameroff, A. J. (1975). Early influences on development: Fact or fancy? Merrill-Palmer Quarterly of Behavior and Development, 21(4), 267–294. Scharl, A., Carstensen, C. H., & Gnambs, T. (2020). Estimating plausible values with NEPS data: An example using reading competence in starting cohort 6 (NEPS Survey Paper No. 71). Bamberg: Leibniz Institute for Educational Trajectories, National Educational Panel Study. https://doi.org/10.5157/NEPS:SP71:1.0 Schoppe-Sullivan, S. J., Diener, M. L., Mangelsdorf, S. C., Brown, G. L., McHale, J. L., & Frosch, C. A. (2006). Attachment and sensitivity in family context: The roles of parent and infant gender. Infant and Child Development, 15(4), 367–385. https://doi.org/10.1002/icd.449 Sommer, A, & Mann, D. (2015). Qualität elterlichen Interaktionsverhaltens: Erfassung von Interaktionen mithilfe der Eltern-Kind-Interaktions-Einschätzskala im Nationalen Bildungspanel (Working Paper No. 56). Bamberg: Leibniz Institute for Educational Trajectories, National Educational Panel Study. StataCorp. (2019). Stata Statistical Software: Release 16 [Computer software]. College Station, TX. Toivainen, T., Papageorgiou, K. A., Tosto, M. G., & Kovas, Y. (2017). Sex differences in non-verbal and verbal abilities in childhood and adolescence. Intelligence, 64, 81–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2017.07.007 van den Bloom, D. C., & Hoeksma, J. B. (1994). The effect of infant irritability on mother-infant interaction: A growth-curve analysis. Developmental Psychology, 30(4), 581–590. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.30.4.581 van Polanen, M., Colonnesi, C., Fukkink, R. G., & Tavecchio, L. W. C. (2017). Is caregiver gender important for boys and girls? Gender-specific child–caregiver interactions and attachment relationships. Early Education and Development, 28(5), 559–571. https://doi.org/10.1080/10409289.2016.1258928 Weinert, S., Artelt, C., Prenzel, M., Senkbeil, M., Ehmke, T., & Carstensen, C. H. (2011). Development of competencies across the life span. Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft, 14(2), 67–86. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11618-011-0182-7 Weinert, S., Attig, M., & Roßbach, H.-G. (2017). The emergence of social disparities: Evidence on early mother–child interaction and infant development from the German National Educational Panel Study (NEPS). In H.-P. Blossfeld, N. Kulic, J. Skopek, & M. Triventi (Eds.), eduLIFE Lifelong Learning: Childcare, early education, and social inequality. An international perspective (pp. 89–108). Edward Elgar Publishing. Weinert, S., Ebert, S., & Dubowy, M. (2010). Kompetenzen und soziale Disparitäten im Vorschulalter. ZfG Zeitschrift für Grundschulforschung, 3(1), 32–45. Weinert, S., Ebert, S., Lockl, K., & Kuger, S. (2012). Disparitäten im Wortschatzerwerb: Zum Einfluss des Arbeitsgedächtnisses und der Anregungsqualität in Kindergarten und Familie auf den Erwerb lexikalischen Wissens. Unterrichtswissenschaft, 40(1), 4–25. Weinert, S., Linberg, A., Attig, M., Freund, J.-D., & Linberg, T. (2016). Analyzing early child development, influential conditions, and future impacts: Prospects of a German newborn cohort study. International Journal of Child Care and Education Policy, 10(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40723-016-0022-6 Weinhardt, F. (2017). Ursache für Frauenmangel in MINTBerufen? Mädchen unterschätzen schon in der fünften Klasse ihre Fähigkeiten in Mathematik (DIW Wochenbericht No. 45). Berlin: DIW. https://www.diw.de/documents/publikationen/73/diw_01.c.568691.de/17-45-1.pdf Wood, D., Bruner, J. S., & Ross, G. (1976). The role of tutoring in problem solving. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 17(2), 89–100. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1976.tb00381.x Würbach, A., Zinn, S., & Aßmann, C. (2016). Sample weights and nonresponse: The Early Childhood Cohort of the National Educational Panel Study (Wave 1 to 3) (NEPS Survey Papers No. 8). Bamberg: Leibniz Institute for Educational Trajectories, National Educational Panel Study.