Global health competencies and approaches in medical education: a literature review
Tóm tắt
Physicians today are increasingly faced with healthcare challenges that require an understanding of global health trends and practices, yet little is known about what constitutes appropriate global health training. A literature review was undertaken to identify competencies and educational approaches for teaching global health in medical schools. Using a pre-defined search strategy, 32 articles were identified; 11 articles describing 15 global health competencies for undergraduate medical training were found. The most frequently mentioned competencies included an understanding of: the global burden of disease, travel medicine, healthcare disparities between countries, immigrant health, primary care within diverse cultural settings and skills to better interface with different populations, cultures and healthcare systems. However, no consensus on global health competencies for medical students was apparent. Didactics and experiential learning were the most common educational methods used, mentioned in 12 and 13 articles respectively. Of the 11 articles discussing competencies, 8 linked competencies directly to educational approaches. This review highlights the imperative to document global health educational competencies and approaches used in medical schools and the need to facilitate greater consensus amongst medical educators on appropriate global health training for future physicians.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Koplan JP, Bond TC, Merson MH, Reddy KS, Rodriguez MH, Sewankambo NK, Wasserheit JN, Consortium of Universities for Global Health Executive B: Towards a common definition of global health. Lancet. 2009, 373 (9679): 1993-1995. 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60332-9.
Brewer TF, Saba N, Clair V: From boutique to basic: a call for standardised medical education in global health. Med Educ. 2009, 43 (10): 930-933. 10.1111/j.1365-2923.2009.03458.x.
Association of American Medical Colleges: GQ Program Evaluation Survey. All Schools Summary Report Final. Washington DA
Izadnegahdar R, Correia S, Ohata B, Kittler A, ter Kuile S, Vaillancourt S, Saba N, Brewer TF: Global health in Canadian medical education: current practices and opportunities. Acad Med. 2008, 83 (2): 192-198. 10.1097/ACM.0b013e31816095cd.
Drain PK, Primack A, Hunt DD, Fawzi WW, Holmes KK, Gardner P: Global health in medical education: a call for more training and opportunities. Acad Med. 2007, 82 (3): 226-230. 10.1097/ACM.0b013e3180305cf9.
Saba N, Brewer TF: Beyond borders: building global health programs at McGill University Faculty of Medicine. Acad Med. 2008, 83 (2): 185-191. 10.1097/ACM.0b013e31816094fc.
Fox GJ, Thompson JE, Bourke VC, Moloney G: Medical students, medical schools and international health. Med J Aust. 2007, 187 (9): 536-539.
Evert J, Bazemore A, Hixon A, Withy K: Going global: considerations for introducing global health into family medicine training programs. Fam Med. 2007, 39 (9): 659-665.
Bonita S, et al: Global Health Training for Pediatric Residents. Pediatr Ann. 2008, 37 (12): 786-787. 10.3928/00904481-20081201-11. 792-786
Chiller TM, De Mieri P, Cohen I: International health training. The Tulane experience. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 1995, 9 (2): 439-443.
Crump JA JS: Ethical considerations for short-term experiences by trainees in global health. JAMA. 2008, 300 (12): 1456-1458. 10.1001/jama.300.12.1456.
el Ansari W, Russell J, Spence W, Ryder E, Chambers C: New skills for a new age: leading the introduction of public health concepts in healthcare curricula. Public Health. 2003, 117 (2): 77-87. 10.1016/S0033-3506(02)00020-3.
Haq C, Rothenberg D, Gjerde C, Bobula J, Wilson C, Bickley L, Cardelle A, Joseph A: New world views: preparing physicians in training for global health work. Fam Med. 2000, 32 (8): 566-572.
Heck JE, Pust R: A national consensus on the essential international-health curriculum for medical schools. International Health Medical Education Consortium. Acad Med. 1993, 68 (8): 596-598. 10.1097/00001888-199308000-00004.
Heck JE, Wedemeyer D: International health education in US medical schools: trends in curriculum focus, student interest, and funding sources. Fam Med. 1995, 27 (10): 636-640.
Jotkowitz AB, Gaaserud A, Gidron Y, Urkin J, Margolis CZ, Henkin Y: Evaluation of student attitudes and knowledge in a new program in international health and medicine. Med Teach. 2004, 26 (6): 574-576. 10.1080/01421590410001711571.
Parsi K, List J: Preparing medical students for the world: service learning and global health justice. Medscape J Med. 2008, 10 (11): 268..
Reza Najem G: A model for offering an International Medicine Seminar Course for US medical students: the 13-year experience of the New Jersey Medical School. J Natl Med Assoc. 1999, 91 (10): 573-577.
Urkin J AM, Henkin Y, et al: Integrating Global Health and Medicine into Medical Curriculum. Education and Health. 2001, 14 (3): 127-131.
Calhoun JG, Ramiah K, Weist EM, Shortell SM: Development of a core competency model for the master of public health degree. Am J Public Health. 2008, 98 (9): 1598-1607. 10.2105/AJPH.2007.117978.
Evert J: Developing Global Health Curricula: A guide book for US and Canadian Medical Schools. 2006
Hagopian A, Spigner C, Gorstein JL, Mercer MA, Pfeiffer J, Frey S, Benjamin L, Gloyd S: Developing competencies for a graduate school curriculum in international health. Public Health Rep. 2008, 123 (3): 408-414.
Nelson BD, Lee AC, Newby PK, Chamberlin MR, Huang CC: Global health training in pediatric residency programs. Pediatrics. 2008, 122 (1): 28-33. 10.1542/peds.2007-2178.
Gupta AR, Wells CK, Horwitz RI, Bia FJ, Barry M: The International Health Program: the fifteen-year experience with Yale University's Internal Medicine Residency Program. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1999, 61 (6): 1019-1023.
Houpt ER, Pearson RD, Hall TL: Three domains of competency in global health education: recommendations for all medical students. Acad Med. 2007, 82 (3): 222-225. 10.1097/ACM.0b013e3180305c10.
Imperato PJ: A Third World international health elective for U.S. medical students. The 16-year experience of the State University of New York, Health Science Center at Brooklyn. J Community Health. 1996, 21 (4): 241-268. 10.1007/BF01794876.
Low N, Lawlor D, Egger M, Ness A: Global issues in medical education.[comment]. Lancet. 2002, 359 (9307): 713-714. 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)07799-1.
Margolis CZ, Deckelbaum RJ, Henkin Y, Baram S, Cooper P, Alkan ML: A medical school for international health run by international partners. Acad Med. 2004, 79 (8): 744-751. 10.1097/00001888-200408000-00005.
Pottie K, Hostland S: Health advocacy for refugees: Medical student primer for competence in cultural matters and global health. Can Fam Physician. 2007, 53 (11): 1923-1926.
Bateman C, Baker T, Hoornenborg E, Ericsson U: Bringing global issues to medical teaching.[see comment]. Lancet. 2001, 358 (9292): 1539-1542. 10.1016/S0140-6736(01)06586-2.
Edwards R, Piachaud J, Rowson M, Miranda J: Understanding global health issues: are international medical electives the answer?[comment]. Med Educ. 2004, 38 (7): 688-690. 10.1111/j.1365-2929.2004.01849.x.
McKinley DW, Williams SR, Norcini JJ, Anderson MB: International exchange programs and U.S. medical schools. Acad Med. 2008, 83 (10 Suppl): S53-57. 10.1097/ACM.0b013e318183e351.
Thompson MJ, Huntington MK, Hunt DD, Pinsky LE, Brodie JJ: Educational effects of international health electives on U.S. and Canadian medical students and residents: a literature review. Acad Med. 2003, 78 (3): 342-347. 10.1097/00001888-200303000-00023.
Edwards R, Rowson M, Piachaud J: Teaching international health issues to medical students. Med Educ. 2001, 35 (8): 807-808. 10.1046/j.1365-2923.2001.1014c.x.
Harden RM: International medical education and future directions: a global perspective. Acad Med. 2006, 81 (12 Suppl): S22-29. 10.1097/01.ACM.0000243411.19573.58.
Reed K: Global health in today's medical education. Iowa Med. 2006, 96 (6): 23.
The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6920/10/94/prepub