Properties of the soybean seed coat cuticle change during development
Tóm tắt
Whether a seed coat of a soybean (Glycine max L. Mer.) seed is permeable or non-permeable is governed by a number of quantitative trait loci further influenced by environmental factors. In soybean seeds, water loss is controlled by a thin, inconspicuous outer cuticle. When intact, the outer cuticle constitutes a barrier to water passage; however, the presence of minute cracks in the cuticle results in the ready passage of water. We explored the timing of cuticular development in soybean seeds by measuring the deposition of the cutin in relation to seed growth and cell viability. Cutin deposition occurred early in the development and ceased just prior to the final stage of rapid seed expansion. Cracks in the cuticle appeared after cutin synthesis ceased while the seed continued to grow. In permeable seeds (regardless of genotype) the resistance of the cuticle to water passage increased steadily during development until seed expansion was maximal and cracks appeared in the cuticle. Once cracks formed, they became the primary site of water passage and the cuticle lost its ability to control the process. In non-permeable seeds, no cracks appeared at this critical point and the cuticle continued to restrict water passage. Microarray analysis of gene expression during seed coat development revealed a complex transcriptome with many genes uniquely expressed in the seed coat. However, the expression patterns were remarkably similar between permeable and non-permeable types, in keeping with the complexity of the underlying genetics of seed coat permeability.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Ballard LAT (1973) Physical barriers to germination. Seed Sci Tech 1:285–303
Beisson F, Li Y, Bonaventure G, Pollard M, Ohlrogge JB (2007) The acyltransferase GPAT5 is required for the synthesis of suberin in seed coat and root of Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 19:351–368
Benveniste I, Bronner R, Wang Y, Compagnon V, Michler P, Schreiber L, Salaun JP, Durst F, Pinot F (2005) CYP94A1, a plant cytochrome P450-catalyzing fatty acid omega-hydroxylase, is selectively induced by chemical stress in Vicia sativa seedlings. Planta 221:881–890
Benveniste I, Saito T, Wang Y, Kandel S, Huang HW, Pinot F, Kahn RA, Salaun JP, Shimoji M (2006) Evolutionary relationship and substrate specificity of Arabidopsis thaliana fatty acid omega-hydroxylase. Plant Sci 170:326–338
Bhalla PL, Slattery HD (1984) Callose deposits make clover seeds impermeable to water. Ann Bot 53:125–128
Chamberlin MA, Hormer HT, Palmer RG (1994) Early endosperm, embryo and ovule development in Glycine max (L.) Mer. Intl J Plant Sci 155:421–436
Corner EJH (1951) The leguminous seed. Phytomorphology 1:117–150
Dean BB, Kolattukudy PE (1977) Biochemistry of suberization. Incorporation of [1–14C]oleic acid and [1–14C]acetate into the aliphatic components of suberin in potato tuber disks (Solanum tuberosum). Plant Physiol 59:48–54
Dhaubhadel S, Gijzen M, Moy P, Farhangkhoee M (2007) Transcriptome analysis reveals a critical role of CHS7 and CHS8 genes for isoflavonoid synthesis in soybean seeds. Plant Physiol 143:326–338
Esau K (1977) Anatomy of seed plants, 2nd edn. Wiley, New York
Franke R, Briesen I, Wojciechowski T, Faust A, Yephremov A, Nawrath C, Schreiber L (2005) Apoplastic polyesters in Arabidopsis surface tissues: a typical suberin and a particular cutin. Phytochemistry 66:2643–2658
Gaff DF, Okong'O-Ogola O (1971) The use of non-permeating pigments for testing the survival of cells. J Exp Bot 22:756–758
Gijzen M, Kuflu K, Moy P (2006) Gene amplification of the Hps locus in Glycine max. BMC Plant Biol 6:6
Harris WM (1987) Comparative ultrastructure of developing seed coats of “hard-seeded” and “soft-seeded” varieties of soybean Glycine max (L.) Mer. Bot Gazette 148:324–331
Haughn G, Chaudhury A (2005) Genetic analysis of seed coat development in Arabidopsis. Trends Plant Sci 10:427–472
Hill HJ, West SH, Hinson K (1986) Effect of water stress during seed fill on impermeable seed expression in soybean. Crop Sci 26:807–812
International Seed Testing Association (1999) Seed Sci Tech 27 Suppl
Keim P, Diers BW, Shoemaker RC (1990) Genetic analysis of soybean hard seededness with molecular markers. Theor Appl Genet 79:465–469
Kilen TC, Hartwig EE (1978) An inheritance study of impermeable seed in soybean. Field Crops Res 1:65–70
Knoche M, Peschel S (2007) Deposition and strain of the cuticle of developing European plum fruit. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 132:597–602
Li Y, Beisson F, Koo AJK, Molina I, Pollard M, Ohlrogge J (2007) Identification of acyltransferases required for cutin biosynthesis and production of cutin and suberin-like monomers. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:18339–18344
Liang M, Davis E, Gardner D, Cai X, Wu Y (2006) Involvement of AtLAC15 in lignin synthesis in seeds and in root elongation of Arabidopsis. Planta 224:1185–1196
Liu B, Fujita T, Yan ZE, Sakamoto S, Xu D, Abe J (2007) QTL Mapping of domestication-related traits in soybean (Glycine max). Ann Bot 100:1027–1038
López-Casado G, Matas AJ, Domínguez E, Cuartero J, Heredia A (2007) Biomechanics of isolated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) fruit cuticles: the role of the cutin matrix and polysaccharides. J Exp Bot 58:3875–3883
Ma F, Cholewa E, Mohamed T, Peterson CA, Gijzen M (2004) Cracks in the palisade cuticle of soybean seed coats correlate with their permeability to water. Ann Bot 94:213–228
Maas LRM (1994) On the surface area of an ellipsoid and related integrals of elliptic integrals. J Comput Appl Math 51:237–249
Meyer CJ, Steudle E, Peterson CA (2007) Patterns and kinetics of water uptake by soybean seeds. J Exp Bot 58:717–732
Miller SS, Bowman LA, Gijzen M, Miki BL (1999) Early development of the seed coat of soybean (Glycine max). Ann Bot 86:297–304
Moy P, Qutob D, Chapman BP, Atkinson I, Gijzen M (2004) Patterns of gene expression upon infection of soybean plants by Phytophthora sojae. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 17:1051–1062
Mullin WJ, Xu W (2000) A study of the intervarietal differences of cotyledon and seed coat carbohydrates in soybeans. Food Res Intl 33:883–891
Mullin WJ, Xu W (2001) Study of soybean seed coat components and their relationship to water absorption. J Agric Food Chem 49:5331–5335
Mullin WJ, Xu W (2003) A comparison of the carbohydrate composition of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Mer.) seed testa and cotyledons from normal and stone seeds. Seed Sci Tech 31:551–559
Nobel PS (1999) Physicochemical and environmental plant physiology. Academic publishers, London
Peterson CA (1979) Selective vital staining of companion cells of potato tuber and parsnip root with neutral red. Stain Technol 54:135–139
Peterson CM, CO’H Mosjidis, Dute RR, Westgate ME (1992) A flower and pod staging system for soybean. Ann Bot 69:59–67
Qutob D, Ma F, Peterson CA, Bernards MA, Gijzen M (2008) Structural and permeability properties of the soybean seed coat. Botany (formerly Can J Bot) 86:219–227
Riederer M, Schönherr J (1986) Quantitative gas chromatographic analysis of methyl esters of hydroxyl fatty acids derived from plant cutin. J Chromatogr 360:151–161
Schreiber L (2002) Co-permeability of H-3-labelled water and C-14-labelled organic acids across isolated Prunus laurocerasus cuticles: effect of temperature on cuticular paths of diffusion. Plant Cell Environ 25:1087–1094
Schreiber L, Skrabs M, Hartmann KD, Diamantopoulos P, Simanova E, Santrucek J (2001) Effect of humidity on cuticular water permeability of isolated cuticular membranes and leaf disks. Planta 214:274–282
Serrato-Valenti G, Cornara L, Ferrando M, Modenesi P (1993) Structural and histochemical features of Stylosanthes scabra (Leguminosae; Papilionoideae) seed coat as related to water entry. Can J Bot 71:834–840
Shao S, Meyer CJ, Ma F, Peterson CA, Bernards MA (2007) The outermost cuticle of soybean seeds: chemical composition and function during imbibition. J Exp Bot 58:1071–1082
Stadelmann EJ, Kinzel H (1972) Vital staining of plant cells. In: Prescott DM (ed) Methods in cell physiology, vol V. Academic Press Inc., New York, pp 325–372
Taylor JA, West DW (1980) The use of Evan’s blue stain to test the survival of plant cells after exposure to high salt and high osmotic pressure. J Exp Bot 31:571–576
Vodkin LO, Khanna A, Shealy R, Clough SJ, Gonzalez DO, Philip R, Zabala G, Thibaud-Nissen F, Sidarous M, Stromvik MV, Shoop E, Schmidt C, Retzel E, Erpelding J, Shoemaker RC, Rodriguez-Huete AM, Polacco JC, Coryell V, Keim P, Gong G, Liu L, Pardinas J, Schweitzer P (2004) Microarrays for global expression constructed with a low redundancy set of 27, 500 sequenced cDNAs representing an array of developmental stages and physiological conditions of the soybean plant. BMC Genomics 5:73
Werker E, Marbach I, Mayer AM (1979) Relation between the anatomy of the testa, water permeability and the presence of phenolics in the genus Pisum. Ann Bot 43:765–771
Winston PW, Bates DH (1960) Saturated solutions for the control of humidity in biological research. Ecology 41:232–233