Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Management of Clostridium difficile Infection

Schroder O, Gerhard R, Stein J (2006) Antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Z Gastroenterol 44(2):193–204 Walker N, Gupta R, Cheesbrough J (2006) Blood pressure cuffs: Friend or foe? J Hosp Infect (in press) Hayetian FD, Read TE, Brozovich M, Garvin RP, Caushaj PF (2006) Ileal perforation secondary to Clostridium difficile enteritis: report of 2 cases. Arch Surg 141(1):97–99 Brito GA, Carneiro-Filho B, Oria RB, Destura RV, Lima AA, Guerrant RL (2005) Clostridium difficile toxin A induces intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis and damage: role of Gln and Ala-Gln in toxin A effects. Dig Dis Sci 50(7):1271–1278 Canny G, Drudy D, Macmathuna P, O’Farrelly C, Baird AW (2006) Toxigenic C: difficile induced inflammatory marker expression by human intestinal epithelial cells is asymmetrical. Life Sci 78(9):920–925 Mohan SS, McDermott BP, Parchuri S, Cunha BA (2006) Lack of value of repeat stool testing for Clostridium difficile toxin. Am J Med 119(4):356 Dial S, Delaney JA, Barkun AN, Suissa S (2005) Use of gastric acid-suppressive agents and the risk of community-acquired Clostridium difficile-associated disease. JAMA 294(23):2989–2995 Yates B, Murphy DM, Fisher AJ, et al. (2006) Pseudomembranous colitis in 4 patients with cystic fibrosis following lung transplantation. Thorax Van Den Berg RJ, Kuijper EJ, van Coppenraet LE, Claas EC (2006) Rapid diagnosis of toxinogenic Clostridium difficile in faecal samples with internally controlled real-time PCR. Clin Microbiol Infect 12(2):184–186 Reddymasu SC, Sheth A, Banks D (2006) Is fecal leukocyte test a good predictor of Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea? Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 5(1):9 Mazuski JE, Panesar N, Tolman K, Longo WE (1998) In vitro effects of Clostridium difficile toxins on hepatocytes. J Surg Res 79(2):170–178 Kawamoto S, Horton KM, Fishman EK (1999) Pseudomembranous colitis: spectrum of imaging findings with clinical and pathologic correlation. Radiographics 19(4):887–897 Ash L, Baker ME, O’Malley C M, Jr., Gordon SM, Delaney CP, Obuchowski NA (2006) Colonic abnormalities on CT in adult hospitalized patients with Clostridium difficile colitis: prevalence and significance of findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol 186(5):1393–1400 Modena S, Gollamudi S, Friedenberg F (2006) Continuation of antibiotics is associated with failure of metronidazole for Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. J Clin Gastroenterol 40(1):49–54 Fordtran JS (2006) Colitis due to Clostridium difficile toxins: underdiagnosed, highly virulent, and nosocomial. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent) 19(1):3–12 Pituch H, Obuch-Woszczatynski P, Wultanska D, Meisel-Mikolajczyk F, Luczak M (2005) A survey of metronidazole and vancomycin resistance in strains of Clostridium difficile isolated in Warsaw, Poland. Anaerobe 11(4):197–199 Aspevall O, Lundberg A, Burman LG, Akerlund T, Svenungsson B (2006) Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Clostridium difficile and its relation to PCR ribotypes in a Swedish university hospital. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 50(5):1890–1892 Bricker E, Garg R, Nelson R, Loza A, Novak T, Hansen J (2005) Antibiotic treatment for Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005(1):CD004610 Citron DM, Tyrrell KL, Warren YA, Fernandez H, Merriam CV, Goldstein EJ (2005) In vitro activities of tinidazole and metronidazole against Clostridium difficile, Prevotella bivia and Bacteroides fragilis. Anaerobe 11(6):315–317 Nomura K, Matsumoto Y, Yoshida N, et al. (2004) Successful treatment with rifampin for fulminant antibiotics-associated colitis in a patient with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. World J Gastroenterol 10(5):765–766 Bishara J, Bloch Y, Garty M, Behor J, Samra Z (2006) Antimicrobial resistance of Clostridium difficile isolates in a tertiary medical center, Israel. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 54(2):141–144 Doron S, Gorbach SL (2006) Probiotics: their role in the treatment and prevention of disease. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 4(2):261–275 Naaber P, Smidt I, Stsepetova J, Brilene T, Annuk H, Mikelsaar M (2004) Inhibition of Clostridium difficile strains by intestinal Lactobacillus species. J Med Microbiol 53(Pt 6):551–554 Koss K, Clark MA, Sanders DS, Morton D, Keighley MR, Goh J (2006) The outcome of surgery in fulminant Clostridium difficile colitis. Colorectal Dis 8(2):149–154 Longo WE, Mazuski JE, Virgo KS, Lee P, Bahadursingh AN, Johnson FE (2004) Outcome after colectomy for Clostridium difficile colitis. Dis Colon Rectum 47(10):1620–1626 Joyce AM, Burns DL (2004) Recurrent Clostridium difficile colitis. Compr Ther 30(3):160–163 Surawicz CM (2004) Treatment of recurrent Clostridium difficile-associated disease. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol 1(1):32–38 Chen X, Kokkotou EG, Mustafa N, et al. (2006) Saccharomyces boulardii inhibits ERK1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation both in vitro and in vivo, and protects against Clostridium difficile toxin A-induced enteritis. J Biol Chem (in press) Murphy C, Vernon M, Cullen M (2006) Intravenous immunoglobulin for resistant Clostridium difficile infection. Age Ageing 35(1):85–86 McPherson S, Rees CJ, Ellis R, Soo S, Panter SJ (2006) Intravenous immunoglobulin for the treatment of severe, refractory, and recurrent Clostridium difficile diarrhea. Dis Colon Rectum (in press) Sougioultzis S, Kyne L, Drudy D, et al. (2005) Clostridium difficile toxoid vaccine in recurrent C. difficile-associated diarrhea. Gastroenterology 128(3):764–770