Non-symbiotic nitrogen fixation in forest ecosystems
Tóm tắt
Since the first attempts to increase forest growth using nitrogen (N) fixation, biological N fixation has been intensively studied. Numerous studies that focused on symbiotic N fixation and rates were well quantified. However, the rates and importance of non-symbiotic N fixation in forest ecosystems remains incomplete. In this review, reports of non-symbiotic N fixation from various studies throughout the world were examined and the ecological significance of non-symbiotic N fixation in temperate forest ecosystems was investigated. The reported rates of non-symbiotic N fixation varied greatly, and ranged from < 0.01–5 kg N ha-1 year-1. However, an average input of 2–3 kg N ha-1 year-1 could be expected when all ecosystem components were included. In several studies, non-symbiotic N fixation seemed to decrease with stand age. Some methodological considerations such as incubation time and conversion factor in the acetylene reduction method were presented. Also, it should be noted that more detailed studies on non-symbiotic N fixation in boreal and tropical forests are needed to understand the importance of N fixation in these forest ecosystems.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Alexander V. & Billington M. M. (1986) Nitrogen fixation in the Alaskan Taiga. In: Forest Ecosystems in the Alaskan Taiga: A Synthesis of Structure and Function (eds K. Van Cleve, F. S. Chapin, P. W. Flanagan III, L. A. Viereck & C. T. Dryness) pp. 112–120. Springer-Verlag, New York.
Baker T. G. & Attiwill P. M. (1984) Acetylene reduction in soil and litter from pine and eucalypt forests in south-eastern Australia. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 16: 241–245
Barkmann J. & Schwintzer C. R. (1998) Rapid N2 fixation in pines? Results of a Maine field study. Ecology 79: 1453–1457.
Binkley D., Cromack Jr K. & Baker D. (1994) Nitrogen fixation by red alder: biology, rates, and controls. In: The Biology and Management of Red Alder (ed. D. Hibbs) pp. 57–72. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis, OR.
Binkley D. & Giardina C. (1997) Biological nitrogen fixation in plantations. In: Management of Soil, Water, and Nutrients in Tropical Plantation Forests (eds E. K. S. Nambiar & A. Brown) pp. 297–337. ACIAR Monograph 43, Canberra.
Bormann B. T., Bormann F. H., Bowden W. B., Pierce R. S., Hamburg S. P., Wang D., Snyder M. C., Li C. Y. & Ingersoll R. C. (1993) Rapid N2 fixation in pines, alder, and locust: evidence from the sandbox ecosystem study. Ecology 74: 583–598
Bormann F. H., Likens G. E. & Melillo J. M. (1977) Nitrogen budget for an aggrading northern hardwood forest ecosystem. Science 196: 981–983.
Bowden R. D. (1991) Inputs, outputs, and accumulation of nitrogen in an early successional moss (Polytrichum) ecosystem. Ecological Monograph 61: 207–223.
Clayton J. L. & Kennedy D. A. (1985) Nutrient losses from timber harvest in the Idaho Batholith. Soil Science Society of America Journal 49: 1041–1049.
Cornaby B. W. & Waide J. B. (1973) Nitrogen fixation in decaying chestnut logs. Plant and Soil 39: 445–448.
Cushon G. H. & Feller M. C. (1989) Asymbiotic nitrogen fixation and denitrification in a mature forest in coastal British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 19: 1194–1200.
Day J. M., Harris D., Dart P. J. & Van Berkum P. (1975) The Broadbalk Experiment: an investigation of nitrogen gains from nonsymbiotic nitrogen fixation. In: Nitrogen Fixation by Free-Living Micro-organisms (ed. W. D. P. Stewart) pp. 71–84. Cambridge University Press, London.
Dickson B. A. & Crocker R. L. (1953) A chronosequence of soils and vegetation near Mt Shasta, California. Journal of Soil Science 4: 142–154.
DiStefano J. F. & Gholz H. L. (1989) Nonsymbiotic biological dinitrogen fixation (acetylene reduction) in an age sequence of slash pine plantations in North Florida. Forest Science 35: 863–869
Fisher R. F. & Binkley D. (2000). Ecology and Management of Forest Soils, 3rd edn. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Granhall U. (1981) Biological nitrogen fixation in relation to environmental factors and functioning of natural ecosystems. In: Terrestrial Nitrogen Cycles (eds F. E. Clark & T. Rosswall) pp. 131–144. Swedish Natural Science Research Council, Stockholm
Granhall U. & Lindberg T. (1978) Nitrogen fixation in some coniferous forest ecosystem. In: Environmental Role of Nitrogen-Fixing Blue-Green Algae and Asymbiotic Bacteria (ed. U. Granhall) pp. 178–192. Swedish Natural Science Research Council, Stockholm.
Granhall U. & Lindberg T. (1980) Nitrogen input through biological nitrogen fixation. In: Structure and Function of Northern Coniferous Forests: An Ecosystem Study (ed. T. Persson) pp. 333–340
Swedish Natural Science Research Council, Stockholm.
Grant D. & Binkley D. (1987) Rates of freeliving nitrogen fixation in some Piedmont forest types. Forest Science 33: 548–551.
Gutschick V. P. (1978) Energy and nitrogen fixation. Bioscience 28: 571–575.
Harvey A. E., Larsen M. J., Jurgensen M. F. & Jones E. A. (1989) Nitrogenase activity associated with decayed wood of living northern Idaho conifers. Mycologia 81: 765–771
Heath B., Sollins P., Perry D. A. & Cromack K. (1988) Asymbiotic nitrogen fixation in litter from Pacific Northwest forests. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 18: 68–84.
Hendrickson O. Q. (1990) Asymbiotic nitrogen fixation and soil metabolism in three Ontario forests. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 22: 967–971.
Johnson D. W. & Todd D. E. (1998) Harvesting effects on long-term changes in nutrient pools of mixed oak forest. Soil Science Society of America Journal 62: 1725–1735.
Jones K., King E. & Eastlick M. (1974) Nitrogen fixation by free-living bacteria in the soil and in the canopy of Douglas-fir. Annals of Botany 38: 765–772.
Jorgensen J. R. & Wells C. G. (1971) Apparent nitrogen fixation in soil influenced by prescribed burning. Soil Science Society of America Proceedings 35: 806–810.
Jurgensen M. F., Graham R. T., Larsen M. J. & Harvey A. E. (1992) Clear-cutting, woody residue removal, and nonsymbiotic nitrogen fixation in forest soils of the Inland Pacific Northwest. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 22: 1172–1178.
Jurgensen M. F., Harvey A. E., Graham R. T., Page-Dumroese D. S., Tonn J. R., Larsen M. J. & Jain T. B. (1997) Impacts of timber harvesting on soil organic matter, nitrogen, productivity, and health of Inland Northwest forests. Forest Science 73: 234–251.
Jurgensen M. F., Larsen M. J., Graham R. T. & Harvey A. E. (1987) Nitrogen fixation in woody residue of northern Rocky Mountain conifer forests. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 17: 1283–1288.
Jurgensen M. F., Larsen M. J. & Harvey A. E. (1980) Microbial assesses associated with nitrogen cycling in Northern Rocky Mountain forest soils. In: Environmental Consequences of Timber Harvesting, pp. 175–188. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report INT-90, Ogden, UT.
Jurgensen M. F., Larsen M. J., Spano S. D., Harvey A. E. & Gale M. R. (1984) Nitrogen fixation associated with increased wood decay in Douglas-fir residue. Forest Science 30: 1038–1044
Ley R. & D’Antonio C. M. (1998) Exotic grass invasion alters potential rates of N fixation in Hawaiian woodlands. Oecologia 113: 179–187.
Marschner H. (1995). Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants. Academic Press, London
Moore A. W. (1966) Non-symbiotic nitrogen fixation in soil and soil-plant systems. Soils and Fertilizers 29: 113–128.
National Atmospheric Deposition Program/National Trends Network. (1998) Estimated ammonium and nitrate deposition. http://nadp.sws.uiuc.edu. Nohrstedt H. O. (1983) Conversion factor between acetylene reduction and nitrogen fixation in soil: effect of water content and nitrogenase activity. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 15: 275-279
Nohrstedt H. O. (1985) Nonsymbiotic nitrogen fixation in the topsoil of some forest stands in central Sweden. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 15: 715–722.
O’Connell A. M. & Grove T. S. (1987) Seasonal variation in C2H2 reduction (N2-fixation) in the litter layer of eucalypt forests of south-western Australia. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 19: 135–142.
Paul E. A. (1978) Contribution of nitrogen fixation to ecosystem functioning and nitrogen fluxes on a global basis. In: Environmental Role of Nitrogen- Fixing Blue-Green Algae and Asymbiotic Bacteria (ed. U. Granhall) pp. 282-293. Swedish Natural Science Research Council, Stockholm.
Roskoski J. P. (1980) Nitrogen fixation in hardwood forests of the Northwestern United States. Plant and Soil 54: 33–44.
Roskoski J. P. (1981) Comparative C2H2 and 15N2- fixation in deciduous wood litter. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 13: 83–85.
Schubert K. R. (1982) The Energetics Of Biological Nitrogen Fixation. American Society of Plant Physiology, Rockville, MD.
Silvester W. B., Sollins P., Verhoeven T. & Cline S. P. (1982) Nitrogen fixation and acetylene reduction in decaying conifer boles: effects of incubation time, aeration, and moisture content. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 12: 646–652.
Skujins J., Tann C. C. & Borjesson I. (1987) Dinitrogen fixation in a montane forest sere determined by 15N2 assimilation and in situ acetylenereduction methods. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 9: 465–471.
Stevenson G. (1959) Fixation of nitrogen by non-nodulated seed plants. Annals of Botany 23: 622–635.
Tateno M. (1988) Growth and turnover of microbial biomass during the decomposition of organic matter (Polygonum cuspidatum) in vitro. Ecological Research 3: 267–277.
Tiedemann A. R., Helvey J. D. & Anderson T. D. (1978) Stream chemistry and watershed nutrient economy following wildfire and fertilization in Eastern Washington. Journal of Environmental Quality 7: 580–588.
Tjepkema J. (1979) Nitrogen fixation in forests of central Massachusetts. Canadian Journal of Botany 57: 11–16.
Tjepkema J. D. & Burris R. H. (1976) Nitrogenase activity associated with some Wisconsin prairie grasses. Plant and Soil 45: 81–94.
Todd R. L., Meyer R. D. & Waide J. B. (1978) Nitrogen fixation in a deciduous forest in the Southeastern United States. In: Environmental Role of Nitrogen-Fixing Blue-Green Algae and Asymbiotic Bacteria (ed. U. Granhall) pp. 172–177. Swedish Natural Science Research Council, Stockholm.
Vance E. D., Henderson G. S. & Blevins D. G. (1983) Nonsymbiotic nitrogen fixation in an oak-hickory forest following long-term prescribed burning. Soil Science Society of America Journal 47: 134–137.
Vitousek P. M. & Howarth R. W. (1991) Nitrogen limitation on land and in the sea: How can it occur? Biogeochemistry 13: 87–115.
Waring R. H. & Running S. W. (1998) Forest ecosystems. In: Analysis and Multiple Scales, 2nd edn. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
Wei X. & Kimmins J. P. (1998) Asymbiotic nitrogen fixation in harvested and wildfire-killed lodgepole pine forests in the central interior of British Columbia. Forest Ecology and Management 109: 343–353.